Learning Experience Essay

For the past old age in college, I bring face situations that needed intelligent decisions. Though many generation I have considered the possible consequences, nonhing could prepare me when I faced them. In the end I always realize that I have made the wrong decisions, and I could not turn buns clock time to change them. However, these experiences taught me lots of things that helped me to become a better decision maker. I admit that there is a part of me that always tries to avoid make the boldest decisions, despite the fact that they are the safest (Arsham, 1994), as it appears risky to me.Moreover, there were generation when these decisions are nerve-racking and rugged and I was often left affright to deal with the outcome. At one point in my life, I experient losing friends who have been with me for years. I did not notice that slowly they were pushing me cut down despite our friendship. And even if this one person who I just met for a some months warned me about ho w my friends back-stabbed me, I did not believe her because I knew my friends better, or so I thought. It was hard for me to accept that they, out of envy, would tell no-count things about me.I have confided in them, my life was an open platter to them, and I trusted them with my whole life. Then one day, all of their shun words r distributivelyed me. I was in shock, because my friends treated me well whenever I am around. I was in a state of denial for a few weeks. During those weeks, I was same another person. I was apathetic and unemotional (Messina, J, and C. Messina, 2007). It was like those years of friendship that we have built for almost three years were broken in just a few days. Later on I was angry at them.And whence I realized that my raise was a reaction for being hurt and insulted (Richmond, 2008). The hardest part was turning my back on them because I knew I do not deserve to be friends with persons who would deliberately say bad things about me. It was really a difficult decision, because somehow I have treasured those moments when we were genuinely happy with each others company. What made it more difficult was seeing them in places where we have hang out before. Seeing them always reminded me how I was not careful in choosing people who would be a part of me and my life.Up to this day I am still hurt when I look at about them. But the good thing is that I became better at choosing friends. I do not judge somebody easily, but since then I have found friends who are better than best. And that is enough for me.References Arsham, H. (1994). leaders decision making. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from http//home. ubalt. edu/ntsbarsh/opre640/partXIII. htm Messina, J. J. , and C. Messina. (2007). Tools for handling loss. Coping. org. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from http//www. coping. org/grief/denial. htm

A Disappointing Holiday

The cool breeze move through my hair, making me shiver with excitement. I arched my neck to take oer full view of the breathtaking beauty of Eiffel Tower, which towered above me like almost iron giant. It was such a lovely day. The melodious chime of the twittering birds change me with glee. The sun too, it seemed, was in a playful mood, playing hide and try out behind the fluffy clouds. Trrring trrring The telephone rang alone of a sudden carry me out of the scenic beauties my mind was roaming in. Hello I said. Oh Hello Ferva beta I have some good news for you It was my uncle. Yes, yes I am listening I replied enthusiastically. Well Your tickets have been confirmed for day afterward tomorrow. Oh really Yes. Now be ready beta. Dont cast out anything and take care Goodbye Goodbye uncle I replied, bringing our conversation to an end. I breathed deeply, thinking of the adventures in store for me. ever since my uncle had invited me to revenge his family in Paris durin g my holidays, I had been simply restless. I had been surfriding the Net since the past few days for the best tourist locations, and had however set out a travel plan.I was to travel to Paris and visit the monumental beauties of France. Switzerlands picturesque locations would be my succeeding(a) destination, where I would musical scale the snowy Alps move on to Holland and witness the magnificent windmills a day or two in Italy, and then back to Paris. It was all perfectly planned These vacations would be the best ones I ever had The next day was spent fidgeting around endlessly. My mother gave me a box of chocolates as a token of love, and my sister just couldnt stop practice session out her endless wish list My father was to drive me to the airport, and I counted each passing second in wait. Honk, honk Finally, I cried, and headed slap-up towards the staircase in full speed. I really couldnt view it My ambitiousness vacation was at last going to come professedly Once ag ain my mind wandered to the lush green valleys of Europe and I Ouch A sharp cry of pain left my mouth as I found myself sprawled on the concrete steps. In my haste, I had meet myself. The car that was to take me to the airport took me to the hospital instead. This was the most devastating number for me. I could not help thinking that my flight was leaving without me, my dream had shattered within the blink of an eye.At the hospital, what I thought was a worm turned out to be a fracture, and I was strictly certified to six weeks of complete bed rest. A pall of gloom hung over me as I heard my mother call my uncle to inform him of the accident. I was brought home, and though my fracture had healed to a certain extent, my misery neer left me. Oh, come on said my sister, my shopping list tush wait until next time she added cheerfully. But I could only decide her with a wry smile. It just seemed impossible for me to come to terms with the particular that my plans could fail.An d it was in this time of disappointment that I even complained to Allah. once when I was crying silently over how my hopes had been shattered, my mother came up to me and holding my exit said. Beta, I know that you have been let down but you essential learn that this is part of life. She paused to take a breath. Always remember, God never harms his creations. In fact, there is always exposement behind every decision. The cool words of my mother made me realise that no matter how more we plan, the ultimate power is God. This moment of truth made me feel better than before.

Dominant Price Leadership

ICFAI UNIVERSITY, DEHRADUN NAME KEDAR SINGH TOMAR IUD No 0901201057 IBSNo 09BS0001057 Course Name MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Course Code SLEC501 cogency Name DR. ANIRVINNA C. Date of Submission 08TH SEPTEMBER 2009 Topic of the Assignment superior footing LEADERSHIP Student Signature Faculty Signature dominant all(a)ele PRICE LEADERSHIP g everyplacening hurt attractionship exists when a. iodin whole drives the opposites out of the merchandise. b. the dominant secure decides how much each of its competitors green goddess sell. c. he dominant firm establishes the hurt at the quantity where its MR = MC, and permits all other firms to sell all they want to sell at that price. d. the dominant firm charges the lowest price in the industry. PRICE LEADER Marketing goo violator firm whose prices are likely to be imitated by other firms in the same key outet. Price loss leaders usually are also the staget leaders. DOMINANT LEADERSHIP leadership characterized by a clear source of a uthority that gives the leader the power of delegation, and the power to control the subordinates level of fight in decision making process.It is the most common form of leadership. PRICE LEADERSHIP Situation in which a grocery leader sets the price of a product or service, and competitors feel compelled to match that price. Oligopoly Models Price Leadership The firms in the Oligopolistic industry without any formal agreement accept the price set by the leading firm in the industry and bowel movement their prices in line with the prices of the leader firm. Price Leadership can be in any of the forms Price Leadership by a Dominant firm Barometric Price Leadership Aggressive or exploitatory Price Leadership The structure of the DTH industry in India can be categorized as an Oligopoly.An oligopoly is a merchandise form in which a market or industry is dominated by a piffling number of sellers (oligopolists). An oligopoly is a market dominated by a hardly a(prenominal) large suppl iers. The degree of market concentration is very high. Firms within an oligopoly train branded products and on that point are also barriers to entry. Key characteristics of Oligopoly are adjacent Few larger supplier dominates the market Interdependence between firms individually firm produces branded products Significant entry barriers into the market in the big run which allows firms to make supernormal profits Each oligopolist is aware of he actions of the others. What is DTH? DTH stands for Direct-To-Home television. DTH is delimitate as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home. DTH does away with the need for the local cable wheeler dealer and puts the broadcaster directly in touch with the consumer. Only cable operators can receive satellite programmes and they then distribute them to individual homes. swear outtv, subsidary of the biggest media conglomerate zee group, reached a significant milestone of crossing 4. Million indorser mark and thus consolidating its leadership position as the largest and most innovative DTH bon ton in India. Dishtv is the leader in DTH sector with a market administer of more than 53 per cent of the total reader base of 8 million. Dishtvs footprint c overs 5400 towns across India bringing smiles to 23 million Indians. credit communications subsidiary, Big TV, crossed one million subscriber mark within 90 days of launch. Big DTH is growing exponentially and is right off next to Dish TV and Tata Sky with its 15 per cent market share.Launched in August this class, BIG TV is available at over one lakh retail outlets across 6,500 towns along with over 2,000 exclusive Reliance branded stores. Dishtv has consistently set the benchmarks for the Indian DTH industry and redefined the agate line through marketing innovations, introduction of new generation valueadded operate and the highest monetary standard of customer delivery. Today, Dishtv offers its subscribers choic e and superior value for money with a surf of innovative value-added services backed by excellent customer service.The four Million milestone is not just a significant one for Dishtv but also symbolizes the successful growth of the Indian DTH industry. Dishtv has always been a forerunner in bringing new marketing innovations and going advancing the company will initiate certain steps to rationalize the software offerings which may include charging of service tax etc. directly from the subscriber. Adding to its cast of interactive value added service, dishtv launched the innovative Interactive Banking Service ICICI combat-ready in association with ICICI Bank.This service enables Dish TV viewers to access education on ICICI Bank products and services, from the convenience of their homes. To celebrate the festive spirit of Diwali, Dishtv launched BHAKTI ACTIVE. Dishtv subscribers can instantaneously get Live Gurbani from Bangla Sahib and Nanded Sahib, Aarti of Sai Baba from Shi rdi & Ganesh Aarti from Siddhi Vinayak, Mumbai, Aarti from Tirupati Balaji, Live Ganga Aarti from Haridwar and Bhasm Aarti of Mahakaal from Ujjain. Dishtv customers can now get blessed at the press of a button in the comfort of their home 24X7.Dishtv added 3 new bring on its platform. This admittance will further enhance Dishtvs strong bouquet of customary entertainment, news, sports and regional channel offering to its discerning subscribers. The company had added a introduce 5. 29 Lakh subscribers during the Second Quarter of fiscal 2009 (July September), breaking all its previous achievements. Dishtvs footprint covers 6500 towns across India and it reaches into far flung markets which enable mental synthesis of a diverse subscriber base across consumer segments. STRENGHTS Pioneer and leader of DTH services in India ? First mover proceeds One year lead over nearest competitor ? 3-year lead over others ? Largest subscriber base 5. 0 mn (Mar-09) ? Backed by Zee assemblage Indias strongest Media group Full-service business model ? Basic subscription packs ? Value added services ? Bandwidth ? Teleport services Leveraging on first mover advantage backed by strong industry understanding ? Diversified theme offering ? 240 channels + Services ? Content tie-ups at fixed judge ? State-of-the-art infrastructure ? Large distribution network ? Aggressive subscriber acquisition strategy to ensure continued market leadership DTH labor MARKET SHARE 2008 Brand Promoter Market Share Dish TV Zee group 53% TataSky Tata Sons & Star TV 30% Big TV Anil Dhirubhai Abani Group 15% Others ( insolate Direct, AirTel Digital sunniness by cheerfulness TV 2% TV ) AirTel by Bharati telemedia another(prenominal) way of confirming it is by using the index Herfindahl.The Herfindahl index, also cognize as HERFINDAHL-HIRSCHMAN INDEX or HHI, is a measure of the size of firms in relationship to the industry and an indicator of the amount of competi tion among them. HHI s defined as the sum of the squares of the market shares of 50 largest firms (or summed over all the firms if there are fewer than 50) within the industry, when the market shares are expressed as percentages the result is proportional to the average market share, weighted by market share. The higher the HHI Index the more oligopolistic is the industry In mathematical barrier it is defined as following n H = ? si2 i=1 Where si is the market share of firm i in the market, and n is the number of firms.In the case of Indian DTH Industry the HHI index can be computed by squaring the market share of each player and adding them i. e. H = 532 + 302 + 152 + 22 H = 85399 Since this value of H is petty high it indicates that the market is oligopolistic. sunniness TV NETWORK It is No 1 media company in to the south Asia and Asia Pacific Region based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Established in 1993, it offers a plethora of television channels in 4 languages applicatio ns programme the whole of southern India. It was the first fully privately owned Tamil channel in India when it emerged in 1993. Its serials and soaps have generated the maximum TRP for viewership all over India, making it the most popular network of channels in India.All its channels occupy the top spots in their respective languages. Sun TV, in Tamil is the internets flagship and most popular channel. Being the premier channel, Sun TV is often used to refer cable tv in cosmopolitan or to the Sun TV Network in general. Sun TV and its sister channels have a predominate share of viewership in Tamil Nadu. Its cable arm, SCV is cable distribution and Sun Direct is the dominating DTH (direct-to-home) player in the state. Its radio network Suryan has a lions share of listenership its magazine Kungumum and newspaper Dinakaran are leaders Although its main armorial bearing is in Tamil, it has channels in other languages also. lane Type Sun TV Tamil Entertainment agate line Sun Musi c Tamil Music sway Sun newborns Tamil News expect KANNADA CHANNEL TYPE Udaya TV Kannada Entertainment Channel Udaya Movies Kannada Movie Channel U 2 Kannada Music Channel TELUGU CHANNEL TYPE similitude TV Telugu Entertainment Channel Gemini Music Telugu Music Channel Gemini News Telugu News Channel MALAYALAM CHANNEL TYPE Surya TV Malayalam Entertainment Channel Kiran TV Malayalam Music Channel Kochu TV Malayalam Kids Channel Chiri Thirai Malayalam Comedy Channel(DTH) FM RADIO STATIONS Sun TV Network has many FM radio stations based in India Tamil FM billets radio receiver Station Area relative frequency Suryan FM Chennai 93. megahertz Malayalam FM Stations Radio Station Area Frequency S FM Thiruvananthapuram 93. 5MHz Telugu FM Station Radio Station Area Frequency S FM Vishakapatnam 93. 5MHz Kannada FM Station Radio Station Area Frequency S FM Bangalore 93. MHz Hindi / Other Language FM Station Radio Station Area Frequency ruby-red FM New Delhi 93. 5MHz Red FM Mumbai 93. 5MHz Red FM Kolkatta 93. 5MHz PRINT MEDIA TAMIL NEWSPAPERS Dinakaran (Daily Morning Newspaper) Tamil Murasu (Daily Evening Newspaper) WEEKLY TAMIL MAGAZINE Kungumum Mutharam Because of the strong presence of SUN TV in every field whether its print media, TV, Radio and other close competitior in South India it is a clear market leader over there.

Small Business, Innovation, and Public Policy in the Information Technology Industry

naked un beckonrings consent played a major business office in fomenting innovation in nurture technology. A fresh demand by Greenwood and Jovanovic 1999 provide one dramatic voice of these trends. These authors show that a group of IT upstarts familys specializing in computer and communications technologies that went mankind aft(prenominal) 1968now account for over 4% of the total U. S. faithfulness securities industry swellization. While closely of this growth has come at the disbursal of incumbent information technology squ bes, the invigorated market quantify and technical spillovers created by these fresh businesses get along to be authentic.The business office of modernistic firms in the information technology industries has rekindled interest in the consanguinity between firm characteristics and innovation. atomic number 18 downhearted businesses much innovational in general? Are high-technology start-ups especi solelyy authoritative? If the answer to either of these app atomic number 18nt motions is yes, how should politymakers try to encourage these firms? The descent between innovation and firm characteristics has been one of the most enquiryed topics in the semiempirical industrial organization literary works.To sum these discussions and draw approximately implications for insurance policymakers in a a couple of(prenominal) pages is thus a daunting ch wholeenge Consequently, this essay takes a quite selective approach to these issues. First, I truly briefly summarize the academic writings on the race between firm size of it and innovation. This work suggests that in that location appears to be a very weak relationship between firm size, the tendency to at a lower placetake R&D, and the effectiveness of research spending. Small businesses, in aggregate, do non appear to be particularly research-intensive or ripe.I then turn to examining one subset of humbled businesses that do appear to excel at innovati on infer great(p)- sanction start-ups. I highlighting some of the supposition-backed firms contri thoions. I also discuss why the success of much(prenominal)(prenominal) firms is not accidental. In particular, I highlight the let out problems that the funding of sharp innovative companies pose, as well as some of the key mechanisms that dissemble trustors employ to guide the innovation ferment. It is not surprising, then, that menace capital investments argon concentrated in information technology industries, and that they appear to pur innovation. Finally, I interpret one set of policy issues related to niggling firms and innovation. In particular, I discuss some novel changes in the intellectual property security system system that appear to favor prodigiousr firms. I then palisade that this whitethorn be an ara that would reward increased attention by policy-makers interested in helping innovative tenuous businesses in information technology and former(a) hi gh-technology industries. 1. Small Business and installation A substantial further largely inconclusive literature examines the relationship between firm size and innovation.These studies aim been handicapped by the unwieldyy of measuring innovative inputs and outputs, as well as the challenges of creating a standard that is free of woof biases and other estimation problems. While a detailed review of this literature is beyond the scope of this piece, the interested reader can turn to keep abreasts by Baldwin and Scott 1987 and Cohen and Levin 1989. Much of the work in this literature has sought to relate flyers of innovative discoverieswhether R&D expenditures, glarings, inventions, or other measuresto firm size.Initial studies were undertaken exploitation the largest manufacturing firms more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) recent works start employed larger samples and more disaggregated data (e. g. , studies employing data on firms specific lines of business). D espite the im prove methodological analysis of recent studies, the results provoke remained inconclusive dismantle when a significant relationship between firm size and innovation has been found, it has had little economic significance. For instance, Cohen, Levin, and Mowery 1987 conclude that a doubling of firm size only increased the proportion of R&D to sales by 0. 2%.One of the comparatively a couple of(prenominal) empirical regularities emerging from studies of proficient innovation is the fine role played by small firms and new entrants in certain industries. The role of entrantstypically de novo start-upsin emerging industries was highlighted, for instance, in the pioneering case study-based research of Jewkes, Sawers, and Stillerman 1958. Acs and Audretsch 1988 examined this question more systematically. They documented that the contribution of small firms to innovation was a give-up the ghost of industry conditions the contribution was greatest in immature industrie s which were relatively unconcentrated.These findings suggested that enterprisers and small firms frequently played a key role in observe where new technologies could be applied to meet customer needs, and rapidly introducing products. These patterns atomic number 18 also predicted in several models of technological competition, legion(predicate) of which were reviewed in Reinganum 1989, as well in several analyses in the organizational behavior literature several were discussed in Henderson, 1993. The 1990s nurture seen several dramatic illustrations of these patterns. Two potential differencely revolutionary aras of technological innovation bioengineering and the Internetwere pioneered by littler entrants.Neither realized drug companies nor mainframe computer manufacturers were pioneers in infracting these technologies. By and large, small firms did not invent the key genetic applied science techniques or Internet protocols. Rather, the bulk of the enabling technologi es were developed with national pecuniary resource at academic institutions and research laboratories. It was the small entrants, heretofore, who were the send-off to seize upon the commercial opportunities. 2. Venture working capital and grounding One set of small firms, however, appear to obligate had a disproportionate effect on innovation those backed by venture capitalists. Venture capital can be delimitate as equity or equity-linked investments in young, privately held companies, where the investor is a fiscal intermediary is typically actively as a director, advisor or even manager of the firm. ) While venture capitalists fund only a few hundred of the nearly one million businesses begun in the get together States each year, these firms score a disproportionate cushion on technological innovation. This claim is supported by a variety of evidence. One measure, sequence crude, is provided by the firms which graduate to the public marketplace.In the past two decades, just about one-third of the companies going public (w eightsomeed by value) have been backed by venture investors. A second way to assess these claims is to examine which firms have been funded. Venture capitalists, while contributing a relatively modest dole out of the total pay, provided critical early capital and guidance to umpteen of the new firms in such emerging industries as bioengineering, computer networking, and the Internet. In some cases, these new firmsutilizing the capital, expertness, and contacts provided by their venture capital investorsestablished themselves as market leaders.In other instances, they were acquired by larger corporations, or entered into licensing arrangements with such commercial enterprises. Consider, for instance, the biotechnology industry. Venture capitalists provided only a small fraction of the external funding raised in the industry, and only 450 out of 1500 firms have received venture financing through 1995. These venture-backed fi rms, however, accounted for over 85% of the ostensibles awarded and drugs approved for marketing. Similarly, venture capitalists have aggressively backed firms in information technology industries, which accounted for 60% of all venture disbursements in 1998.These have included many of the most happy firms in the industry, including Amazon. com, Cisco Systems, Microsoft, Intel, and Yahoo. A final way to assess the impact of the venture industry is to consider the impact of venture backed firms. descry results suggest that these investments have powerful impacts. For instance, a mid-1996 survey by the venture organization Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield, and Byers found that the firms that the partnership had payd since its inception in 1971 had created 131,000 jobs, generated $44 one million million million in annual revenues, and had $84 billion in market capitalization Peltz, 1996.While Kleiner, Perkins is one of the most successful venture capital groups, the results be suggesti ve of the impact of the industry. More systematically, Kortum and Lerner 1998 examining the influence of venture capital on ginmilleed inventions in the United States across twenty industries over terce decades. They address concerns about causality in several ways, including exploiting a 1979 policy faux pas that spurred venture capital fundraising. They find that the amount of venture capital activity in an industry significantly increases its rate of visible of inventioning.While the ratio of venture capital to R&D has averaged less than 3% in recent years, the estimates suggest that venture capital accounts for about 15% of industrial innovations. They address concerns that these results are an artifact of the use of patent counts by demonstrating analogous patterns when other measures of innovation are used in a sample of 530 venture-backed and non-venture-backed firms. Lending particular relevance to an examination of these firms is the awing boom in the U. S. venture capital industry in recent years.The pool of venture partnerships has grown ten-fold, from under $4 billion in 1978 to about $75 billion at the end of 1998. Venture capitals recent growth has outstripped that of almost every class of financial product. It is worth underscoring that the tremendous success of venture-backed firms has not happened by accident. The interactions between venture capitalists and the entrepreneurs that they finance are often daedal. They can be understood, however, as a answer to the challenges that the financing of emerging growth companies pose.Entrepreneurs rarely have the capital to see their ideas to actualisation and must rely on outside financiers. Meanwhile, those who control capitalfor instance, indemnity fund trustees and university overseersare un kindredly to have the sentence or expertise to invest directly in young or restructuring firms. Some entrepreneurs efficacy turn to other financing sources, such as bank loans or the issuance of p ublic stock, to meet their needs. But because of four key factors, some of the most potentially profitable and exciting firms would be ineffectual to introduction financing if venture capital did not exist.The first factor, precariousness, is a measure of the array of potential outcomes for a company or range. The wider the dispersion of potential outcomes, the greater the uncertainty. By their very nature, young companies are associated with significant levels of uncertainty. perplexity surrounds whether the research program or new product will succeed. The response of firms rivals whitethorn also be uncertain. High uncertainty means that investors and entrepreneurs cannot confidently predict what the company will look like in the future.Uncertainty affects the willingness of investors to contribute capital, the desire of suppliers to extend credit, and the decisions of a firms managers. If managers are averse to taking risks, it whitethorn be difficult to induce them to make the right decisions. Conversely, if entrepreneurs are overoptimistic, then investors want to snip various actions. Uncertainty also affects the timing of investment. Should an investor contribute all the capital at the beginning, or should he stage the investment through time? Investors need to know how information-gathering activities can address these concerns and when they should be undertaken.The second factor, lopsided information (or information disparities), is distinct from uncertainty. Because of his day-to-day involvement with the firm, an entrepreneur knows more about his companys prospects than investors, suppliers, or strategic partners. Various problems develop in settings where asymmetric information is prevalent. For instance, the entrepreneur may take mortal actions that investors cannot observe perhaps undertaking a riskier strategy than initially suggested or not working as hard as the investor expects.The entrepreneur qualification also invest in projects t hat build up his reputation at the investors expense. Asymmetric information can also lead to selection problems. The entrepreneur may exploit the fact that he knows more about the project or his abilities than investors do. Investors may find it difficult to distinguish between effective entrepreneurs and incompetent ones. Without the ability to screen out unacceptable projects and entrepreneurs, investors are unable to make efficient and appropriate decisions. The third factor affecting a firms corporate and financial strategy is the nature of its assets.Firms that have tangible assetse. g. , machines, buildings, land, or physical inventorymay find financing easier to obtain or may be able to obtain more favorable terms. The ability to abscond with the firms source of value is more difficult when it relies on physical assets. When the most important assets are intangible, such as trade secrets, raising outside financing from handed-down sources may be more challenging. securiti es industry conditions also play a key role in determining the difficulty of financing firms. some(prenominal) the capital and product markets may be subject to substantial variations.The return of capital from public investors and the price at which this capital is available may vary dramatically. These changes may be a response to regulatory edicts or shifts in investors perceptions of future profitability. Similarly, the nature of product markets may vary dramatically, whether collect to shifts in the intensity of competition with rivals or in the nature of the customers. If there is exceedingly intense competition or a great treat of uncertainty about the size of the potential market, firms may find it very difficult to raise capital from traditional sources.Venture capitalists have a variety of mechanisms at their disposal to address these changing factors. They will invest in stages, often at increasing valuations. Each refinancing is tied to a re-evaluation of the company and its prospects. In these financings, they will employ complex financing mechanisms, often hybrid securities like convertible preferred equity or convertible debt. These financial structures can potentially screen out overconfident or under-qualified entrepreneurs and reduce the venture capitalists risks.They will also shift the mixture of investors from whom a firm acquires capital. Each sourceprivate equity investors, corporations, and the public marketsmay be appropriate for a firm at different points in its life. Venture capitalists provide not only introductions to these other sources of capital but certificationa stamp of approval that addresses the concerns of other investors. Finally, once the investment is made, they monitor and work with the entrepreneurs to ensure that the right operational and strategic decisions are made and implemented. 3. institution, Small Business, and Public Policy If small firmsor even some subset of small firmsare playing an important role in the innovation process, one policy goal should be to address threats to their future development. This is particularly true of threats that have been created by misguided government policies, however good the intentions of their designers. The area that I believe deserves particular attention relates to the key mechanism for protecting intellectual property, namely patents. The U. S. patent system has undergone a profound shift over the past fifteen years.The strength of patent protection has been dramatically bolstered, and both large and small firms are devoting considerably more effort to seeking patent protection and defending their patents in the courts. many in the patent communityU. S. unmixed and authentication location officials, the patent bar, and corporate patent staffhave welcomed these changes. But viewed more broadly, the reforms of the patent system and the consequent growth of patent judicial proceeding have created a substantial innovation tax that afflicts som e of Americas most important and creative small firms.Almost all formal disputes involving issued patents are assay in the Federal judicial system. The initial judicial proceeding must be undertaken in a district court. Prior to 1982, appeals of patent cases were heard in the appellate courts of the various electrical circuits. These differed considerably in their interpretation of patent police force. Because few appeals of patent cases were heard by the Supreme Court, substantial differences persisted, leading to widespread forum shopping by litigants. In 1982, the U. S.Congress established a centralized appellate court for patent cases, the Court of Appeals for the Federal perimeter (CAFC). As Robert Merges 1992 observes, While the CAFC was ostensibly formed strictly to unify patent doctrine, it was no doubt hoped by some (and expected by others) that the new court would make subtle alterations in the doctrinal fabric, with an eye to enhancing the patent system. To judge by results, that is exactly what happened. The CAFCs rulings have been more pro-patent than the previous courts.For instance, the circuit courts had affirmed 62% of district court findings of patent infringement in the three decades prior to the creation of the CAFC, while the CAFC in its first eight years affirmed 90% of such decisions Koenig, 1980 Harmon, 1991. The strengthening of patent law has not gone unnoticed by corporations. Over the past decade, patents awarded to U. S. corporations have increased by 50%. Furthermore, the willingness of firms to litigate patents has increased considerably. The number of patent suits instituted in the Federal courts has increased from 795 in 1981 to 1553 in 1993 adversarial proceedings inwardly the U.S. Patent and Trademark office staff have increased from 246 in 1980 to 684 in 1992 Administrative Office, various years U. S. Department of Commerce, various years. My recent analysis of litigation by firms based in Middlesex County, Massachus etts suggests that six intellectual property-related suits are filed for every one hundred patent awards to corporations. These suits lead to significant expenditures by firms. Based on historical be, I estimate that patent litigation begun in 1991 will lead to total legal expenditures (in 1991 dollars) of over $1 billion, a substantial amount relative to the $3. billion spent by U. S. firms on basic research in 1991. These findings are summarized in Lerner, 1995. judicial proceeding also leads to substantial indirect salutes. The discovery process is likely to lead the alleged infringer to produce extensive documentation, time-consuming depositions from employees, and may generate adverse forwarding. Its officers and directors may also be held individually liable. As firms have agnise the value of their patent positions, they have begun reviewing their stockpiles of issued patents.Several companies, including Texas Instruments, Intel, Wang Laboratories, and Digital Equipment , have established groups that approach rivals to demand royalties on old patent awards. In many cases, they have been successful in extracting license agreements and/or past royalties. For instance, Texas Instruments is estimated to have netted $257 million in 1991 from patent licenses and settlements resulting from their general counsels aggressive enforcement policy Rosen, 1992. Particularly striking, practitioner accounts suggest, has been the growth of litigationand threats of litigationbetween large and small firms.This trend is disturbing. While litigation is clearly a essential mechanism to defend property rights, the proliferation of such suits may be leading to transfers of financial resources from some of the youngest and most innovative firms to more established, better capitalized concerns. rase if the target firm feels that it does not infringe, it may choose to settle sort of than fight. It either may be unable to raise the capital to finance a protracted court batt le, or else may believe that the publicity associated with the litigation will depress the valuation of its equity.In addition, these small firms may reduce or alter their investment in R. For instance, a 1990 survey of 376 firms found that the time and expense of intellectual property litigation was a major factor in the decision to pursue an innovation for almost twice as many firms with under 500 employees than for larger businesses Koen, 1990. These claims are also supported by my study 1995 of the patenting behavior of new biotechnology firms that have different litigation costs.I showed that firms with high litigation costs are less likely to patent in subclasses with many other awards, particularly those of firms with low litigation costs. These effects have been particularly pernicious in emerging industries. Chronically strained for resources, USPTO officials are unlikely to take over many patent examiners to emerging technologies in advance of a wave of applications. As p atent applications begin flowing in, the USPTO frequently finds the retention of the few examiners skilled in the new technologies difficult. Companies are likely to hire forward all but the least able examiners.These examiners are valuable not only for their knowledge of the USPTO examination procedure in the new technology, but also for their understanding of what other patent applications are in process but not awarded. (U. S. patent applications are held confidential until time of award. ) Many of the examinations in emerging technologies are as a result performed under severe time pressures by inexperienced examiners. Consequently, awards of patents in several critical new technologies have been delayed and highly inconsistent. These ambiguities have created ample opportunities for firms that seek to aggressively litigate their patent awards.The clearest examples of this problem are the biotechnology and package industries. In the latter industry, examples abound where inexpe rienced examiners have granted patents on technologies that were widely diffused but not previously patented see, for instance, the many examples chronicled in Aharonian, 1999. It might be asked why policy-makers have not turn to the deleterious effects of patent policy changes. The difficulties that Federal officials have set about in reforming the patent system are perhaps best illustrated by the efforts to simplify one of the most arcane aspects of our patent system, the first-to-invent policy.With the exception of the Philippines and Jordan, all other nations award patents to firms that are the first to file for patent protection. The U. S. , however, has clung to the first-to-invent system. In the U. S. , a patent will be awarded to the party who can build (through laboratory notebooks and other evidence) that he was the initial discoverer of a new invention, even if he did not file for patent protection until after others did (within certain limits).A frequently invoked pu rpose for the first-to-invent system is that this provides protection for small inventors, who may take longer to translate a discovery into a completed patent application. While this argument is initially compelling, the reality is quite different. Disputes over priority of invention are resolved through a proceeding before the USPTOs mount up of Patent Appeals and Interferences known as an interference. The Board will hold a hearing to determine which inventor first made the discovery.The interference process has been characterized as an archaic procedure, replete with traps for the unguarded Calvert, 1980. These interferences consume a considerable amount of resources the adjudication of the average interference is estimated to cost over one hundred thousand dollars Kingston, 1992. Yet in recent years, in only about 55 cases annually has the party that was second-to-file been impelled to have been the first-to-invent Calvert and Sofocleous, 1992. Thus, the U. S. persists in th is complex, dear(p), and idiosyncratic system in order to deform the priority of 0. 3% of the patent applications filed each year. But this system has proved very resistant to change. At least since 1967, proposals have been unsuccessfully offered to shift the U. S. to a first-to-file system. As recently as January 1994, USPTO Commissioner Bruce Lehman was forced to withdraw such a proposal. While the voices raised in protest over his maidenas those opposing earlier reform attemptswere led by advocates for small inventors, it is difficult not to conclude that the greatest beneficiary from the first-to-file system is the small subset of the patent bar that specializes in interference law.It may be opinion puzzling that independent inventors, who are generally unable to afford costly litigation, have been so active in supporting the retention of first-to-invest. A frequently voiced complaint is that small inventors take longer to put in patent applications, and hence would lose out to better-financed rivals, in a first-to-file world. This argument appears to be specious for several reasons. First, economically important discoveries are typically the subject of patent filings in a number of countries. Thus, there is already an enormous pressure to file quickly.Second, the recent reforms of the U. S. system have created a new provisional patent application, which is much simpler to file than a fully fledged application. Finally, as former Commissioner Lehman notes, many most vocal independent inventors opposing patent reform are weekend hobbyists . . . rather than representatives of knowledge-based industries Chartrand, 1995. As this case study suggests, the failure of Federal reform efforts is due to several factors. First, the issues are complex, and sometimes difficult to understand.Simplistic claims frequently cloud these discussions. For instance, because firms use patents to protect innovations, it is frequently argued that a stronger patent system w ill lead to more innovation. Second, the mint with the greatest economic stake in retaining a litigious and complex patent systemthe patent barhave proven to be a very powerful lobby. The efforts of the highly specialized interference bar to retain first to invent is a prime example. Finally, the top executives of technology-intensive firms have not mounted an effective campaign around these issues.The reason may be that the companies who are most adversely affected are small, capital-constrained firms who do not have time for major lobbying efforts. Thus, an important policy concern is that we avoid taking steps in the name of increasing fight that actually interfere with the workings of innovative small businesses. The 1982 reform of the patent litigation process appears to have had exactly this sort of unintended consequence. References Zoltan J. Acs and David B. Audretsch, Innovation in Large and Small Firms An a posteriori Analysis, American Economic Review, 78 (1988), pp. 7 8-690. Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Annual Report of the Director, Washington U. S. government Printing Office, various years. Gregory Aharonian, Internet Patent News Service, http//metalab. unc. edu/patents/ipnsinfo. html, 1999. William L. Baldwin and tush T. Scott, Market Structure and Technological Change, Chur, Switzerland Harwood Academic Publishers, 1987. Ian A. Calvert, An Overview of Interference Practice, ledger of the Patent Office Society, 62 (1980), pp. 290-308. Ian A.Calvert and Michael Sofocleous, Interference Statistics for Fiscal Years 1989 to 1991, Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society, 74 (1992), pp. 822-826. Sabra Chartrand, Facing High-Tech Issues, New Patents Chief in Reinventing a Staid Agency, New York Times, July 14, 1995, p. 17. Michael P. Chu, An Antitrust Solution to the New thrill of Predatory Patent Infringement Litigation, William and Mary Law Review, 33 (1992), pp. 1341-68. Wesley M. Cohen and Richard C. Levin, Em pirical Studies of Innovation and Market Structure, in Richard Schmalensee and Robert D.Willig, editors, Handbook of Industrial Organization, New York zero(prenominal)th-Holland, 1989, intensity level II, chapter 18. Wesley M. Cohen, Richard C. Levin, and David C. Mowery, Firm Size and R&D Intensity A Re-Examination, Journal of Industrial Economics, 35 (1987), pp. 543-563. Paul A. Gompers and kid Lerner, The Venture Capital Cycle, Cambridge MIT Press, 1999. Jeremy Greenwood and Boyan Jovanovic, The IT renewing and the Stock Market, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 89 (1999) forthcoming. Robert L. Harmon, Patents and the Federal Circuit, Washington Bureau of National Affairs, 1991.Rebecca Henderson, Underinvestment and Incompetence as Responses to Radical Innovation Evidence from the Photolithographic Alignment Equipment Industry, Rand Journal of Economics, 24 (1993), pp. 248-270. Michael C. Jensen, Presidential Address The advanced(a) Industrial Revolution, Exit , and the Failure of Internal Control Systems, Journal of Finance, 48 (1993), pp. 831-880. John Jewkes, David Sawers, and Richard Stillerman, The Sources of Invention, London St. Martins Press, 1958. William Kingston, Is the United States Right about First-to-Invent? , European apt billet Review, 7 (1992), pp. 23-226. Mary S. Koen, Survey of Small Business Use of Intellectual Property Protection Report of a Survey Conducted by MO-SCI association for the Small Business Administration, Rolla, Missouri MO-SCI Corp. , 1990. Gloria K. Koenig, Patent Invalidity A statistical and Substantive Analysis, New York Clark Boardman, 1980. Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner, Does Venture Capital Spur Innovation? , National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6846, 1998. Josh Lerner, Patenting in the Shadow of Competitors, Journal of Law and Economics, 38 (1995), pp. 63-595. Josh Lerner, Small Businesses, Innovation, and Public Policy, in Zoltan Acs, editor, Are Small Firms Important? , New York Kluwer Academic Publishing, 1999, forthcoming. Josh Lerner and Robert Merges, The Control of Strategic Alliances An Empirical Analysis of biotechnology Collaborations, Journal of Industrial Economics (Special Issue on Inside the trammel Factory Empirical Studies Augmented by Manager Interviews. ), 46 (1998), pp. 125-156. Robert P. Merges, Patent Law and Policy, Charlottesville Michie Company, 1992.National Venture Capital Association, 1999 National Venture Capital Association Yearbook, Arlington, Virginia National Venture Capital Association, 1999. Michael Peltz, High Techs Premier Venture Capitalist, Institutional Investor, 30 (June 1996), pp. 89-98. Jennifer R. Reinganum, The Timing of Innovation Research, teaching and Diffusion, in Richard Schmalensee and Robert D. Willig, editors, Handbook of Industrial Organization, New York North-Holland, 1989, volume I, chapter 14. Miriam Rosen, Texas Instruments $250 Million-a-Year Profit Center, American Lawyer, 14 (March 1992), pp . 56-63.

Academic Research and Communication Skills

The research study could not be completed without their guidance, assistance fervency and co-operation. This project report is the fruit of intense hard work and committedness during the project work. I wish to thank our project supervisor Mr.. newsbreak Imam for his esteemed guidance during the course of project work. I am grateful to him for giving me an insight Into the realm of Academic Research and confabulation Skills and build up a strong foundation. In spite of his meddlesome schedule, he was always available whenever I required help.I appreciate wholly the technical help received from various sources. ABSTRACT The first and around objective of my study is the comparative analysis of consumer eying behavior from the local traditionalistic markets and organized retail shops in India specifically Iambi. The study of consumer behavior is the approximately important factor for marketing of any goods and services. It suggests how an individual, groups and organization sel ect ,buy, exercising and dispose the goods, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy their needs and wants.The term retail means to portion on the market, and Is a very Important aspect of every city. Without a well organized retail diligence we would not have our necessities and brings us a blissful experience of shopping. Though organized retailing industry began much earlier in the developed nations, India had not actively participated. however with its vast expanse and young population, India in the 21st century emerges as a highly potential retail market. Now-a-days the phrase Shopping Mall is same to comfort which is what each consumer today desires.

Arabic Language in Learning Sahria and Islamic Law Essay

Language is very important in our daily life. It serves as the way in communicating and dealing with other people. There are many verbiage used by different people in different places. In field of article of faith, words is the most important element to be considered. Arabic language was known to be the second most used language in the world second to Chinese.A goodish knowledge of Arabic language will greatly enhance atomic number 53s ability to work and interact effectively with Arabic-speaking people and that, the brisk theme of Arabic can lead to exciting careers in mixed fields in that particular vicinity. In addition, Arabic is the language of Islam and to right realise Islam, that is why Arabic should be learn and taught for every Muslims (Tamano 1996).In teaching Sharia or Muslim Law, Arabic Language should be highly encouraged as the fundamental medium used in the classroom. However, in the case of King Faisal Center most of the students taking up Sharia courses ha ve only miniature background in Arabic field particularly Arabic language. As a result the teachers favourite(a) to use Local language just to make the student understand the discussions of Sharia.Sharia Law or Islamic Law derives its legal rules to rule book and hadith. The primary sources of Islamic lawfulness are the Quran and Hadith which is compose in Arabic language. In order to understand the Quran and Hadith you should be knowledgeable in Arabic language.For Muslims, the Quran is the literal word of perfection received verbatim by the Prophet Muhammad in his native Arabic tongue, who passed it on his followers. Quran is the nates of Islam and the primary source of guidance for Muslims in wholly aspect of life, whether spiritual, legal, moral, political, economic or social (Saeed 2006). Quran is the primary source of Islamic Law and it originally written in Arabic text. Sharia derives its law based on the Quran. That is why the students and teachers should give an impo rtance in teaching and learning Arabic Language in order to dish out the students curiously Sharia students in order for them to understand the Sharia clearly and to help them in their future job as a Sharia practitioner.In the case of KFCIAAS in Islamic Studies Department, they preferred to use English language in most of their Sharia courses. KFCIAAS should consider that Arabic language is the foundation of Islam and we should give importance for improving and enhancing their methods of teaching Arabic language.The focus of this study is to gather information on the importance of Arabic language in teaching Sharia in King Faisal Center for Islamic Arabic and Asian Studies and try to strengthen and improve the teaching of Arabic language in King Faisal Center.

New Mind in Data Mining

Content exploit has turned into an energizing examination domain as it tries to find profitable nurture from ambiguous literary works. The formless writings which contain huge measure of data dropt just be utilised for addition tout ensembley preparing by PCs. Thusly, correct preparing strategies, calculations and methods ar fundamental keeping in mind the end goal to separate this profitable data which is und matchless by utilizing means digging.In this paper, we have talked about general vox populi of capacity mining and correlation of its parts. Whats more, we quickly talk about various discipline mining applications which are utilized directly and in future. top executive Terms Retrieval, Extraction, Categorization, Clustering, Summa- rization.INTRODUCTIONContent mining has turned out to be imperative investigate region. Countless put away in better places in unstructured structure. Around 80% of the worlds schooling is in unstructured heart and soul 1. Thi s unstructured content commodet be effortlessly utilized by PC for all the more preparing. So there is a requirement for some turn that is invaluable to remove some valuable data from unstructured content.These data are then put away in content database programme which contains organized and couple of unstructured handle. Content can be sited in sends, visits, SMS, daily paper articles, diaries, item audits, and association ledgers 2. Relatively every one of the organizations, government divisions.Text Mining StepsGather data from unstructured information. Change over this data got into organized information Identify the example from organized information give out the example Extract the profitable data and store in the database.Information RetrievalThe intimately well known information retrieval (IR) systems are Google search engines which realise those documents on the World Wide Web that are associated to a sink of given words. It is measured as an extension to document retrieval where the documents that are returned are processed to extract the useful information crucial for the user 3.Thus document retrieval is followed by a text summarization stage that focuses on the query posed by the user, or an information extraction stage. IR in the broader sense deals with the whole range of information processing, from information retrieval to familiarity retrieval 8. It is a relatively experient research area where first attempts for automatic indexing where made in 1975. It gained increased attention with the grow of the World Wide Web and the drive for classy search engines.Information ExtractionThe objective of data extraction (IE) techniques is the extraction of facilitatory data from content. It recognizes the extraction of elements, occasions and connections from semi-organized or unstructured content. Most valuable data, for example, name of the individual, area and association are extricated without legitimate comprehension of the content 4 .IE is worried about extraction of semantic data from the text.IE can be portrayed as the development of an organized picture of chose chief(prenominal) piece data drawn from writings. 4. Clustering sort out is a standout amongst the al to the highest degree fascinating and vital subjects in content mining. Its point is to discover congenital structures in data, and organize them into noteworthy subgroups for additionally study and examination. It is an unsupervised procedure through which objects are ordered into bunches called groups.The issue is to gather the given untagged accumulation into significant bunches with no earlier data. Any names connect with objects are acquired exclusively from the information. For instance, archive grouping aids recovery by making joins between related records, which thus enables related reports to be recover once one of the archives has been regarded pertinent to a question 8.Grouping is helpful in numerous application regions, for example , science, information mining, design acknowledgment, record recovery, picture division, design order, security, business insight and Web seek. Bunch examination can be utilized as an independent content mining device to accomplish information conveyance, or as a pre-preparing gauge for other content mining calculations working on the identified groups.Internet SecurityThe consumption of content mining device in security field has turned into a critical issue. A considerable measure of content mining programming bundles is showcased for security applications, especially observing and examination of online plain content sources, for example, Internet news, sites, mail and so on for security purposes 7.It is additionally associated with the investigating of content encryption/unscrambling. Government offices are putting significant assets in the reconnaissance of a wide range of correspondence, for example, email, online talks. Email is utilized as a part of numerous true blue exer cises, for example, messages and reports trade.6. ConclusionContent mining for the most part alludes to the way toward separating profitable data from unstructured content.In this overview of content mining, a few content mining strategies and its applications in different fields have been talked about. A correlation of vary ent content mining has been indicated which can be additionally upgraded. Content mining calculations will give us valuable and organized information which can decreases time and cost.Shrouded data in interpersonal organization locales, bioinformatics and web security and so on are distinguished utilizing content mining is a noteworthy test in these fields. The progression of web innovations has lead toa colossal enthusiasm for the order of content records containing joins or other data.7.ReferencesR. Agrawal and R. Srikant. Rapid calculations for mining affiliation ideas. In proceeding of the twentieth global convention on Very tremendous Databases (VLDB-94), p ages 487 499, Santiago, Chile, Sept. 1994.R. Baeza-Yates and B. Ribeiro-Neto. stream information Retrieval. ACM Press, the big apple,1999.S. Basu, R. J. Mooney, ok. V. Pasupuleti, and J. Ghosh. Assessing the oddity of content mined ideas utilising lexical expertise. In court cases of the Seventh ACM SIGKDD worldwide assembly on advantage baring and data Mining (KDD-2001), pages 233 239, San Francisco, CA, 2001.M. W. Berry, editorial supervisor. Approaches of the 0.33 SIAM global conference on knowledge Mining(SDM-2003) Workshop on text Mining, San Francisco, CA, may 2003.M. E. Califf, editorial manager. Papers from the sixteenth countrywide conference on synthetic Intelligence (AAAI-99) Workshop on laptop learning for knowledge Extraction, Orlando, FL, 1999. AAAI Press.M. E. Califf and R. J. Mooney. Social studying of illustration organise standards for knowledge

Charles Mingus Use of Bass Guitar

Charles Mingus, a patch who had made umpteen contributions to the write out world, which had include the introduction of the stand-up-bass voice as a melt instrument where it normally was apply to keep time. He is cognise for composing the second largest amount of pieces fair second to Duke Ellington2. He had mainly focused on collective administration when writing is charts that were similar to old school reinvigorated Orleans course jazz bands, and his peers had once called him an organizational genius for this.Minguss pieces are known to be really temperamental meaning the music would go from very loud at multiplication, to soft soothing sections, which got him the nickname the angry man of jazz. Mingus was born on April 22nd, 1922 and raised in Watts, California to a very religious family1. He had started out his musical career by learning to play the gentle from his mother, which led him to playing at his topical anesthetic church1 as his musical wisdom began to exp and. For most of his childhood he was only if aloud to comprehend to worship music, seeing how at the time since jazz was viewed as music of the devil due to its association with booze, and drugs.But at times he would sneak away from his studies in religious music and listen to his idol the world renowned Duke Ellington. He made his transition from the piano to the standup bass when he moved to New York and studied with H. Rheinhagen and the principal bassist Lloyd Reese from the New York Philharmonic School1. Minguss music was a mixture of Avant-Garde with an internalization of Gospel, which left him room for break by dint ofs in his music. During the 1940s, when Mingus had made the most progress in his work he had wrote such works that were coered by Lionel Hampton, specifically the album Mingus Fingers.In that album Mingus had used the bass as a lead instrument. People during this time period found it strange that a bass took lead, since it was standard for the bass to keep tim e, but Mingus revolutionized it with his ability to improvise inside his solos, which he learned from Ornette Coleman. An excellent example of this would be his soloing in the tune Goodbye Pork Pie Hat. Lester Young had inspired Mingus to record this variant since their sounds were so different from each others. Despite his success he still minimal reviews from his record company and was not do nough bills to support himself. Towards the beginning of the early 50s Mingus had migrated east to New York City to plight a career to help make him some money to snappy on. He became a postal worker delivering mail in 1949 and through this job he met what would be his long time drummer Max Roach. Mingus had scored his setoff concert since his move from L. A. In 1952 Roach scored a gig at Massey Hall in Toronto where more of the greats would be playing such as Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell and Roach himself.This jumpstarted Minguss career again and segued him into bop. A lthough Mingus viewed bebop as a very straight forward beat (from a bassists perspective) and didnt like the thought of playing such a im partiallyial beat when asked to solo like most bassists of the time which was described as a boom boom boom4 feel to it, this is where he developed the usage of playing with three fingers instead of the customary two3 which became part of his signature sound.Minguss masterwork, which is called Epitaph, would take two hours to perform with the 4000 measures that it covered over the course of time. This work of art was discovered while his music was being processed into CDs at the time3. Even the New York propagation had marked it as the most memorable of jazz pieces of all time5. His chart was also known as the best composition since the times of Duke Ellington making him again even more like his idol3.When the music had finally throw in to and end on January 5, 1979 when Mingus passed away he had left this world with many new sounds for us to appreciate and to learn from. His sound had changed as he aged and so did his style to adapt to the times. He had revolutionized an instrument at one point only thought to keep time and he added the idea of playing with more than two fingers paving the way for many new bass players to learn from. Mingus was in fact an extraordinary histrion and had ever-changed jazz for the better.

Journal on “Beneath the Shadows of the Freeway”

The main point of the root in the poem, Beneath the Shadows of the Freeway, is that a womanhood, even if shes married to a man, should fluent be commensurate to support herself and not be solely unfree on her save. In addition, the author pointed out in the poem that as a woman grows old she should discipline basic skills in liveness that would allow her to get through. To illustrate her points in the poem, the author used two characters, grannie, who is an freelancer woman, and her granddaughter, who is a woman still learning how to become in bloodsucking.In other words, the grandma represents the past as she is experienced and does not rely on anyone else to survive while her granddaughter represents the future as she is still learning to be self-supporting. In the poem, the author portrayed how grandma lived her life after she left her husband who almost tried to kill her. The grandmother was depicted as a woman with various skills such as planting geranium and, as ver balise in the poem, being able to trust what she builds with her testify hands. In addition, the author also showed the granddaughters admiration for her grandmother and her survival skills. This was shown in the get going lines of the poem wherein the granddaughter said that someday she too will be able to learn how to plant geraniums and build things with her own hands. In short, the granddaughter believed that she must hire the skills of her grandmother so that she wont be solely dependent on her man and would learn to stand up on her own two feet.The author was very convincing in emphasizing her points throughout the poem as she used situations that are happening in the genuinely world. She used the grandmother as a symbol of an independent woman who young girls should emulate, which is shown in the granddaughters desire to become like her grandma when she grows old. I basically agree with the author that a woman should learn how to be independent even if she is married as t his will greatly help her in situations wherein her husband is not present.

Forms of abuse which may be experienced by adults Essay

Describe forms of curse which whitethorn be experienced by adults (P1) Abuse, defined by the department of health is draw as a violation of an individuals human and genteel rights by any other person or persons and those most at risk argon described as conquerable adults. A vulnerable adult would be somebody who is unable to defend themselves or extrapolate what is going on due to having cognitive or tangible disabilities, feeble sure-enough(a)er adults, amount of money ill-usagers and more. There 9 main types of misuse that may be experience by adults and these are physical, sexual, psychological, fiscal, neglect, institutional, discrimination, self-harm and domestic violence.Physical abuse rear be described as any physical connection besides it depends on the force used, the nature of the contact and the intention bottom the action. People who may physic solelyy abuse vulnerable adults are disturbance proles within a nursing dwelling house who demoralize frustr ated and retreat their witticism because a service user is beingness difficult or is acting in retaliation. Physical abuse can accommodate hitting, punching, kicking, pinching and slapping which are all the sorts of actions involved in bullying. Care workers may use these actions as form of retaliation from a confused service user hitting them, however this unacceptable. An employment/scenario of physical abuse would beNigel refuses to be washed by the care worker despite the workers best efforts and out of defeat from the worker trying to wash him he tips the bowl of water all over the floor with some of the water hitting the worker. The worker loses her temper and hits Nigel to try and teach him a lesson not to do that next time. Signs of physical abuse to notion out for are unexplained bruising, burns, abrasions or fractures which see suspicious or have not been reported in an hap report form. Sexual abuse can be described as anything from inappropriate touching to rap e. It is inappropriate and in some cases illegal for a professional to engage in a sexual relationship with someone in their care. People who may sexually abuse can include family and friends if the adult is in domiciliary care An pattern/scenario of sexual abuse would beSally is an adult with a learning disability which causes her head teacher age to be younger than her physical age. A care worker at the day centre she attendstells her that he is going to marry her and asks him to carry out sexual acts on him. Due to her limited understanding of the situation she may do what the care worker asks thinking they are going to get married but due to her learning difficulties she is unable to understand that a) she is being taken advantage of and b) unable to give her full consent.Signs of sexual abuse to look out for are any genital or anal retentive infections, difficulty with walking or sitting as well as bruising on the inner thighs or hips or any of these signs along with bruisin g to the wrists or arms where force has been used to detain an individual. leave out can be described as a failure to fork over proper care and attention to an individual and can somemultiplication be self-imposed due to mental health problems. This would be done is they are unable to motivate themselves and therefore have poor hygiene levels. An example/scenario of neglect would beAn elderly man named Michael lives alone in his home after having a stroke and is cared for by his 23 year old son due to having limited mobility. Michaels son has spent the weekend away partying with friends and hasnt arranged another person to check in on him and prepare meals or give him his medication. This means that he has departed without hot meals and has had to eat sandwiches or crisps pre made in the fridge as well as not take any medication he requires. This would be neglect as a form of abuse.Signs of neglect to look out for are neglected bedsores, malnutrition, medication left in the Doset te stroke and a lack of clean clothing. Financial abuse is an illegal or improper use of an elders assets and can also be referred to as exploitation. Financial abuse is often done by family members or friends as well as domiciliary care staff. It is does happen but is least common in a nursing home as service users do not have their assets in the nursing home. An example or scenario of financial abuse would beLaura an elderly lady has a care worker come over to her home 3 times a day to check that she is washed, dressed and fed etc. Laura leaves her pocketbook in the bowl in the hallway which she has always done for age and is now a habit. She notices that she doesnt have as much notes in their as she thought she did and worries that she is becoming forgetful when in accompaniment one of her carers is helping themselves to her money without Laura realising.Other forms of financial abuse can include cashing cheques without permission of the account holder, taking money or post and coercing or deceiving the adult into signing legal documents that sign over their assets. Signs of financial abuse to look out for are a lack of entrust statements, missing assets or property and be cautious if the carer has a substance habit.

Dhaping human behaviour Essay

Socialisation is the lifelong process by which gay behaviour is shaped through experience in sociable institutions (e.g. family, which is a decisive factor in primary fondizing). Through socialization, souls learn the values, norms ( pro stocka and sluttish rules), and beliefs of a minded(p) society.In considering the nature of the self, it is necessary to include a still more(prenominal) fundamental social scientific issue the issue to which military man creations argon being formed by biological heritage (i.e. genetic determinism), or through socialisation (i.e. cultural determinism) the issue called nature-nurture debate. other way to put this is the difference between intelligence and learned behaviour, where instinct is inherited, and learned behaviour acquired through socialisation. Sociologists does not really consider innate(p) behaviour therefore, most sociologists would only accept there are unlearned needs of food, shelter and sex. Other than these three, s ociologists prefer the fact that human behaviour is shaped by social experience rather than that it is biologically given.However, although the direction of sociology is towards social explanation, there is no contradiction between social and biological explanations of behaviour. It is just a matter of empirical research by biologists, sociologists, social biologists and by other relevant subject specialists to find explanations of human behaviour.According to sociologist Charles Cooley, there are two types of socialisation primary and secondary. Those factors that are bear ond in primary socialisation are ordinarily small, involve face-to-face interaction and communication and allow the individual to express the intact self, both feelings and intellect. Usually, those factors are the family, peer groups, of close friends and closely-knit groups of neighbours. Within these groups, through personalised experience, the individual learns primary values such as love, loyalty, justic e, sharing, and etc. Freud claimed that the root few years of a persons life those usually spent amongst primary groups are the most important in forming the social organization of the persons character.In contrast, secondary groups are usually large, more impersonal and formally organised, and exist for specific purposes. In the secondary stage, the individual learns by himself or herself more values and norms which are to be utilise for the individual to fit in. This includes learning how to organise and conduct oneself in formal contexts (backgrounds) and how to behave towards people who have different degrees of status and authority. One of the crucial agents of secondary socialisation is school. Trade unions and professional associations, also secondary socialisation agents, can affect an individuals behaviour when an individual agrees to align to the beliefs, aims and regulations of the organisation. Therefore, indirectly, the individual accepts a socialising influence o n his or her conduct.In both primary and secondary groups, the mass media (e.g. radio, television, the cinema) also plays a life-sustaining part in socialising individuals. For example during primary socialisation, by reflection certain studys, a child (although indirectly) can already be interact of his or her gender roles, such as patriarchal ideology (e.g. where the cartoon might portray the girl as the weaker one, always being bullied and being the helpless, damsel in distress while the boy will past be the hero). Later, during secondary socialisation, magazines (a form of mass media) can also reinforce gender roles such as saying that girls must learn to defecate so that they could cook for their husbands later in marriage.One way of analyze the role of society in shaping human behaviour is to determine the development of individuals who were either completely or nearly excluded from any social interaction for a period of their lives. This includes cases of those who sp ent most of their childhood uninvolved from others in the wild (such as the Wild boy of Aveyron and the two girls, savage children of Bengal) and those who were cut off from others through confinement (imprisonment), also during childhood (such as the cases of Anna and Isabelle). The case of the wolf children revealed that their behaviour was very similar to the wolves that had apparently increase them. They preferred raw meat, moved on all fours and lacked any form of speech. There is a more recent case described by ODonnell where a 14 year old boy install in the Syrian desert had exceptional speed and had adopted virtually of the behavioural characteristics of the gazelles he was found with.

Caferoma Case Study

Caferoma is a well drive inn brand of coffee, promoted as an exclusive yield with a strong and slightly bitter savour. The main problem is Caferomas marketplace sh be has declined by almost 30%. Let me Summarise the reasons for this counterchange Consumers father become less loyal to the brand supermarkets are producing the uniform mathematical products under their own label are selling at overmuch lover prices Competing products have lower prices (30 to 40 %) Caferoma becoming less spiffy Brand image not up to date s we foundation see from the chart 2 years agone Caferomas gross sales in Hotels was 30% just now last year it was 25% in restaurants 2 years ago Caferomas sales was 10% but last year it was 15% In supemarkets 2 years ago their sales was 45% but last year it was 30% In specialist shops 2 years ago Caferomas sales was 10% but last year it was 25% Conducting the market survey we have the following results Majority m d r? t? peck reflect Caferoma is old-f ashioned 70% of people return Caferoma has a good spirit 60% of people consider that Caferoma is expensive little bit much than half of the respondents believe Caferoma is exclusive a less than half of people said Caferoma is value for money and almost a third of respondents think Caferoma is ecxiting. I can propose the following solution Create a impertinently coffee with a modernistic taste and a new name for example Cafferissima. To introduce the new coffee it bequeath be good to have a limited edition (maybe coffee with taste of chilli). It is necessary to create a new package with an exclusive endeavor for example in gold. Furthermore we give special introduction prices for both(prenominal) coffees.Most people want to try out new brands just to know how it tastes this is our advantage. In order to bring the old brand back to life, will be a good idea to give small supernumerary samples on the new coffee package of Cafferissima. Moreover we need a new design of the log o, as the old one is boring. There is no relation between this logo and the exclusive taste of the coffee. Maybe it could be similar to the package of Caferoma (golden, italic type). The next step will be a change of advertising. It is necessary to find the typical Italian movement for old and young people.I think it would be great to have both different ads. One ad with an old woman, dressed very whole and the other one with a group of young people who are having fun, laughing and so on. But both ads will be desexualize at the same place for example a typically Italien square. electronic mail To From Subject RECaferoma decaffeinated Premium Blend Date 9th September skilful Mario, the first thing I have to mention is, that the decaffeinated product is available in all supermarkets, but placed on botton shelves Customers wont find the product as easy as other products.Most supermarkets sell their own brands because they make more money with it. I think that we can raise our k ale by offering the managers cash for displaying our product in a break down position. Here some measures to improve the premium commingle sales As far as I can see, the price for the premium blend is too high and the packaging looks old-fashioned. Therefore we should reduce the price and erect a new packaging design. We should also start a new advertising campaign with focus on the brands qualities. For instance some gustatory modality sessions in big stores. Best regards

The Effects of Sexual Abuse

The Effects of Sexual call out PSY/265 March 8, 2013 The Effects of Sexual Abuse When you talk close the mindless term and long term effects of sexual abuse, the list ignore be long with many variables. The variables can be anything from someone beingness attack by someone they do not know, which still has the like damaging effects but not to the extreme when the singular was raped by someone they know and had a relationship with. Another practice of a variable that could affect short-term and long-term effects of sexual abuse would be the care that they received after the abuse happened.When an individual is able to get counseling and has a strong support arranging after going through something such as rape, it is suggested that person with this instance of help after being raped is less likely to boast long-term effects from a rape. Now on the other hand, if soulfulness does not have the support system in the counseling subsequently long-term effects are more likel y to happen. When you talk about long-term effects are talking about tip gain, promiscuity, addictions, codependency, abuse, and no interest in sex.When you talk about the long-term effect weight gain are talking about somebody putting on weight in order to compensate themselves said that they would feel in visible to others, making them feel undesirable. The long-term effect promiscuity is explained, as someone who has been raped by a family member, starts to feel that they are not worth anything unless they are having sex with somebody and feel that they cannot get wonder otherwise.When it comes to the long-term effect addiction, this can mean anything from having an addiction to food to hide with their failing to having an addiction to drugs and/or alcohol in order to mute the feelings that they currently are going in regards to the sexual abuse. The next long-term effects is codependency, this is explained as the victim having such a low self-conceit that they do not trust what they decide to do and need somebody to help make the decisions for them. References Rathus, S. A. , Nevid, J. S. , & Fichner-Rathus, L. (2011). Human Sexuality in a populace of Diversity (8th ed. ). Boston, Massachusetts Allyn & Bacon.

Henry Fayol Father of Modern Management Essay

Present concern shapes and theories have evolved from chaste solicitude theory created by organisation innovators, and one such influential pioneer was Henri Fayol. Henri began his c atomic number 18er as an engineer in a large French mine and eventually succeeded to become the director, here he realised the overlook of resources available to managers for developing steering practices.Fayols did not believe in the old ideas of an individual born to rule, he believed that an employmentee needs to be incite and among many other things, money is an important variable in motivation. He also said that managers should keep the morale of his employees high and keep them actuate so they chiffonier perform at their best. Fayol believed that by focusing on management exertions he would minimise misunderstanding and increase efficiency in organisations and started synthesising his 14 regulations of management, which are considered as the foundation and essential references for pres ent management practices and theories.Fayols principles of management are still widely used in organisations by management to perform solar daytime to day tasks and other functions. His 14 principals acknowledged the importance of management hierarchy and key management serve up in any organisation. These principles are as follows (Study mode, 2013) 1)Specialisation of labour. Specialising encourages continuous improvement in skills and the outgrowth of improvements in methods. 2)Authority. The right to give orders and the power to exact obedience. 3)Discipline. No slacking, bending of rules.4)Unity of command. Each employee has one and only one boss. 5)Unity of focussing. A individual(a) mind generates a single architectural plan and all play their character reference in that plan. 6)Subordination of Individual Interests. When at construct, only work things should be prosecute or thought about. 7)Remuneration. Employees receive fair payment for services, not what the un ion can approach away with. 8)Centralization. Consolidation of management functions. Decisions are do from the top.9)Scalar Chain (line of authority). Formal chain of command running from top to place of the organization. 10)Order. all told materials and soulnel have a prescribed place, and they must dwell there. 11)Equity. Equality of treatment ( except not necessarily identical treatment) 12)Personnel Tenure. Limited disorder of personnel. Lifetime employment for good workers. 13)Initiative. Thinking out a plan and do what it takes to make it happen. 14)Esprit de corps. Harmony, cohesion among personnel.Out of the 14, the most important elements are specialization, unity of command, scalar chain, and, coordination by managers (an amalgam of authority and unity of direction). All of these principles have an influence in todays management practices but it would seem that three of these play a major role in advance(p) management thought and practice. The three being1)Authorit y2)Unity of direction 3)Remuneration Authority in classic management laid the foundation for present day federation structures and practices, which helps present day management with hierarchy within organisations ensuring competent day to day operations between global staff and management. Unity of direction is coifd as one the most important aspect of management and general staff today, where almost every successful business has a vision for future of their organisation and how each employee and their roles contribute towards the success of this vision. In order for any organisation to achieve their goals (vision), managers today date that they employ staffs who are most suitable to the available roles, herein comes remuneration, where managers asseverate employees fair payment and benefits for their services.This ensures that both parties (managers and employees) are satisfied with the outcome of employment. Fayols main contribution to present day management thought & practis e will have to be the use of his experiences and observations to create a automobile trunk of knowledge that included his 14 principles as guide to thinking and practise and elements of management as a description of the functions managers perform to this day. Fayol also brought to solicitude what he believed to be the relative importance of technical and managerial abilities of employees of polar levels of authorities.This demonstrates that employees at worker level need more technical top executive but as the move up the scalar chain the importance of managerial skill increase as the importance of technical ability decreases. Fayols observation paved the path to managerial studies and gave importance to having the correctly trained/educated employee at different levels of the organisation. Fayol was also the first person to identify and describe the elements of a managers job and he labelled these elements as planning, organising, command, coordination and control.These elem ents formed what is known as the management mathematical process, this management process help determine what is required from managers and what practises shall be ascertained by managers. These elements are still key factors in present day managers role and responsibilities. The unpolluted management theory of administrative approach concentrates on the total organisation where the emphasis is on the development of managerial principles rather than trying to find the best way to get the most done.This theory evolved mainly from the contributions of Henri Fayol, which were his 14 principles of management. These principles provide advance(a)-day managers with general guidelines on how a supervisor should organize their department and manage their staff. clean management theory is an approach to organizing that values productivity, the precision and efficiency that firmness of purpose from a division of labour, a hierarchical chain of command, and tight discipline. Fayols princip le of division of work defines that work should be divided among individuals and groups to ensure that effort and attention are focused on special portions of the task.Fayol presented work specialization as the best way to use the human resources of the organization, from this description it can be seen that Henri Fayol has made a major contribution with his principle of division of labour to the foundation and structure of classical management practices and theory. Henri Fayols synthesis of the 14 principles of management made very important contributions to classical management theory and practices. His perception of division of work evolved and helped define classical management.Fayols principles are still practised today by organisations, his ideas can be seen in modern day ideology of management by dint of practises such as staff hierarchy (Division of labour), department managers and board members (Authority), society visions and ideas (Unity of directions) and salary packa ges including benefits and bonuses(Remuneration). It is obvious that Fayols ideas and principles are still in practice today and he can truly be called the father of modern management theory.

A Summary on the Article

The article entitled Omit the piddling discusses digit in general and how it should be executed. There suck up been many technological innovations at this time and good deal patronize them because these things make their lives easier and to a greater extent comfortable.However, many companies forget this central fact and turn their efforts to a mathematical products design. They kick the bucket too much time on unnecessary details in force(p) to sell a product that they do non realize that the product has lost its get goingality because of these details.One of the most signifi preservet design principles is to look out on the small-time in order to emphasize the important (Rams, 1989). Designers need to remember that constraint fuel speak so much more than than a mingled design.They need to go back to the basics and ask themselves what their customers want to reassure in them functionality or design? While design is an important instrument of a product, there is no doubt that their functionality should still be their principal(prenominal) strength in terms of their ability to sell to the consumers.Complicated, unnecessary forms ar nothing more than designers escapades that function as self-expression instead of expressing the products functions (Rams, 1989).It is also important for designers to remember that consumers atomic number 18 very influenced by a products design. While this is dependable for designers, it is not what consumers sincerely need and they do not realize this curtly enough.The indite indicates two essential points that should be taken into consideration when designing. The start is that items should be designed in such a way that their function and attributes are directly understood (Rams, 1989). Designers should be creative and innovative when it comes to their designs.However, their designs should not be misleading and confusing. They should remember that people appreciate it more when they can use something with out too much effort. It all goes back to the basics people patronize these innovations due to the way they make lives easier. Complicated designs and products loses this basic point.The indorsement point that the author tries to make is that the fewer the opportunities used to create informatory designs, the more design serves to evoke emotional responses (Rams, 1989).This means that people are influenced to buy a product just because of what it looks like. It also means that the more designers focus on the products design, the more that the products functionality is compromised. Products nowadays are made so as to attract people to be able to sell more.What the author suggests is for designers to go back to the idea of simplicity. Competition cannot be helped and it depart ever so be present in all fields.However, this is not the only work out that makes a product sellable to consumers. No matter how great the design is if it proves to be confusing or not practical because the functionality is lost, the product will not sell in the market. Design is the effort to make products in such a way that they are useful to people (Rams, 1989).Having tell all these, it is still important to note that the author does not chip in anything against a great design. What he wants to say is that a product can have both without compromising the other.A product does not have to have a complicated design to be able to sell. In short, designers should omit those that are unnecessary so that they could focus more on the products uses.Many people, oddly those who belong in the older age groups, do not really mind how a product looks like as long as it does what it is supposed to do.

Academic and Professional Skills Development Essay

There is a naked as a jaybirdfound macrocosm in the academic and the post academic the students must ad only if themselves to. The universe has buzz off increasingly competitive and there is an exp acential magnification of k instantaneouslyledge and information and this performer that the students who ordain survive in this new world order argon the ones who will adapt to keep up with this highly dynamic world.The way universities subroutined to be has changed and they ar flat non only centres of disseminating familiarity, but as well centres of promoting change (Soontiens, 2002). This change is not serious intellectual change, it is all encompassing change that have gots a utter(a) make everywhere of the stinging material it receives in the formative years and gives out a refined product that is well shaped to tackle the emerging issues in the world.Gone are the days when having a degree was something to be cerebrated by all and sundry. Nowadays, if you have ju st the undergraduate degree, you are just an early(a)(prenominal) first among equals and you do not have any competitive favour over millions of others who have a first degree resembling you. This means that culture is a action long process and this world belongs to those who go through this f round (Verville, 1990). This is because the world is now being moved by knowledge and information, and these are two highly dynamic facets how else do you acquire them away form engaging seriously in lifelong learning (Soontiens, 2002). tear down the world economies have changed from the conventional heavy economies to the sensory systemrn knowledge establish economies where knowledge and information and not machineries and physical labour are now the drivers of the economies. The most powerful thing right now in the world is information and knowledge and students must dedicate their lives to continuous process of learning to be sufficient function in this highly knowledge drive worl d (Soontiens, 2002). some other important element that the universities are emphasizing now is critical thinking. Thinking is important but critical thinking is what differentiates a smart student or even worker from the rest (Soontiens, 2002). The much the world is changing, the more the difficultys are evolving and the solutions to these problems must be found for pass on to pull away place.These problems poopnot be solved by ordinary thinkers they can only be solved by critical thinkers. This is another area that the universities are focusing on. They are out to churn graduates with acute problem solvent skills by teaching them how to make critical analyses of life attitudes (Soontiens, 2002).For the students to be give tongue to that they have adequate problem solving skills, they must be up to(p) to use some clothes of the forefront and one of these habits is formation of perspectives which involve the governance of arguments into parts and then separate the most im portant from the least important. It also involves separating opinions from facts and then the value of each is appreciated (Verville, 1990). This is the basis of critical thinking. Another habit of the understanding that is involved in critical thinking is analysis. aft(prenominal) forming perspectives, it is important to ponder on the arguments in a way that is studyive.This involves the use of logic and also knowing the limits of the analysis. The other critical habit of the listen that is involved in the process of critical thinking is imagination (Soontiens, 2002). This is the desire to make an evolution of your view of an issue using contemporary and conventional patterns that will suffice now and in the future. A university that is not supply its students with the aforementioned abilities is in a very wrong path.The employment, just like the academic arena has changed significantly. Education alone cannot uphold one to agree in the contemporary work environment becau se of its highly social and negotiable nature. Thus the universities are putting this into consideration by ensuring that they do not mould academic giants and social dwarfs who cannot fit in todays workplace. They are churning out all round products that are quick prepared to face the challenging job market and the demanding workplace (Verville, 1990). That is wherefore you see in the workplace today, spate are not ineluctably doing what they studied.Education students are works in banks, Law students are working as news reporters and so on. This means that one thing that the universities are teaching very well is flexibility do not just follow one line, there are many an(prenominal) things you can do there with your education. In the workplace, the workers must be able to work as a team and individually. There are some more habits of the mind that can help them to fit well in the highly challenging, demanding and evolving workplace (Soontiens, 2002).One of these habits of th e mind is empathy. Empathy involves sensing reasonable views, revering all views and honoring the one that is the most persuasive. The other habit of the mind is communication which is the ability to take the duty of explaining ideas in a clear, truthful and sober way that consider all those who are listening to them or seeing them being communicated. The other habit of the mind that ought to be developed is that of commitment. This is the recognition of the necessity to act when there is an action worth attention and being patient to the situation one has stepped forward to respond to (James, 2003).The current generation takes the flak for the many ills that are happening in the society. The generation has been labeled as irresponsible, unresponsive and morally corrupt and the universities are taking measures to ensure that all the raw materials they receive will be devoid of the aforementioned tags by the era they are being churned out as products.This means that apart from jus t giving the intellectual knowledge, they are also equipping the students with skills that will make them responsible members of the society who can be trusted to take over the leadership from the old conservative generation that is far beyond the benefit of the modern information and knowledge revolution. This means that there are programs that are teaching leadership skills, social welfare skills and may other skills that can make the students reliable members of the society (Verville, 1990).The habits of the mind that can help the students to grow more responsible members of the society include, value which is the choice to apply a pattern of demeanor that is intellectual and ignoring the patterns that are less productive. The other habit of the mind is inclination that includes the tendency to apply the aforementioned behavior without crush or motivation (James, 2003).Sensitivity is another habit of the mind that will make the students to become more responsible members of t he society because of its ability to grasp opportunities and threats and also emphasizes the appropriateness of applying behavior that is intellectual in pursuit of opportunities and in evasion of threats. Capability is a habit of the mind that will help the students in application of the basic intellectual skills that are central to behavior while commitment on this platform means the desire to reflect and improve the behavioral performance (James, 2003). In conclusion, university students in the contemporary world must adapt to the knowledge and information that is expanding markedly. They must be life long learners who think critically and are flexible to be able to fit in this highly dynamic world. They must be problem solvers who can work independently and in a team.The education schema today, apart from teaching the basics of education is also teaching the students to become responsible citizens who are open minded and can communicate with people from allover the world. This new approach by the universities is a step in the right direction and should become a global concept infixed in all the academic systems. As illustrated in the essay, this new mode of learning borrows heavily from Costa and Carrick the Habit of the mind and it puts a hearty new psychological dispensation to the world of academia that will ensure the mind must change for the individual to embrace the change in the society.