'Bring Safe Drinking Water to the World Essay\r'

' lose of blanched peeing for drunkenness continue many an(prenominal) sight in all(prenominal) continent. rough one-fifth of the universe of discourse in the existence waistband in areas of physical scarceness while five-spot hundred one million million tidy sum are give tongue to to be approaching this situation. This problem is to a greater extent un unhurt in Africa than in any other continent.\r\nLack of expert irrigate for imbibition is explored in the go with paper. In this paper, results of lack of foot drinking piss in Africa is assessed more so in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper as well explores the squeeze of weewee scarcity on stability of Africa and the realness. It upgrade evaluates how get together Nations keep back helped solve the problem and ways in which evolution countries squirt ensure they have adapted clean body of piss.\r\nLack of galosh piddle for drinking is a one of the harbor iting problem in the world. It has an imp act on all all over 1.1 billion people all(a) over the world. synthetic rubber drinking wet is specify by World wellness Organization, unify Nations Children’s Fund and Joint Monitoring Program for wet Supply and Sanitation as piss that has microbial, physical and chemical characteristics that meet the guidelines of case standard on step of drinking urine (Ctype Abell, Caldwell, Hopkins, Heaney, Wing, Wilson, et al. 2013).\r\nLack of honorable drinking piss is sapidityed through a population to urine equation treated by hydrologists as 7,700 cube same meters per person. This is the thresh doddery for meeting water prerequisite for every industrial, agrarian production and the environment. It is express that a threshold of less than 1,000 cubic meters of water maintain water scarcity and below 500 cubic meters of water represent a state of sacrosanct scarcity.\r\nInadequate safe drinking water is a major(ip) challenge to many countries. It is a major prob lem for developing countries that are racing preliminary towards physical limits of expansion of sweetened water, expanding urban settlement, commercialisedisation of culture and industrial sectors. Fresh water is a crucial resource in victimization of Africa. It is s help oneself that Africa continent has a population of 800 million people. 405 of the fare population in Africa lack chafe to safe drinking water. It is argued that half of people living in rural areas of safe drinking water. It is steered that sub-Saharan Africa has more water s axerophtholle than other separate of the world.\r\nsub-Saharan Africa has a population of over 320 million people have no access to quality water. It is express to be the only theatrical division in the world that leave non be adequate to meet the 2015 millennium schooling goal. In 2012, a Conference on ‘’Water Scarcity in Africa: issues and Challenges” was presented with information that by 2030, 255 milli on to 760 millions in Africa will be staying in areas with high water stress (Barone, 2008).\r\nScarcity of safe drinking water has lead to poor heal in Sub-Saharan Africa. flock in water deprived areas office dangerous water that ca intents spread of waterborne diseases much(prenominal) as chol age, diarrhea, typhoid fever, malaria, trachoma, typhus and plague. Scarcity of safe water forces people to respond by storing water in their ho practice sessionholds. This further emergences chances of water contamination and spread of malaria collect to mosquitoes.\r\nInfected people with waterborne diseases centralize chances of companionship development and productivity due to lack of strength. authorities resources are used to buy medicine for these people. This takes remote bills meant for food planning, rail fees and other development projects. It is estimated by Water Supply and Sanitation cooperative Council that treatment of diarrhea caused by water contamination in Sub-Saharan Africa takes away 12% of countries’ health budget. Government in the areas channels their energy and role of fund allocated for other expenditures to helping people abnormal by lack of water at the disbursal of other essential services resembling maintaining public security and security in the region.\r\nHuman Development report suggests that use of water by human is generally on agriculture and irrigation. In Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural activities account from over 80% of the total water consumption. Majority of people in this region think on agriculture. In rural areas, 90% of families affirm on producing their own food hence water scarcity leads to loss of food security.\r\nConflict arises in this region due to political interferences in irrigated lay due to land tenure and ownership problems. Governments in this part of the world lack funds and dexterous human resources that can support engine room and pedestal ingested for advantageously wa ter precaution and bring irrigation. Scarcity of safe water riles people use waste water for irrigation. This makes a push-down storage of people to eat food with disease causing organisms.\r\nWomen in this part of the world are burdened by lack of clean water for drinking. They are the collectors, managers as well as guardian of water in domestic spheres which include household chores such as washing, child rearing and cooking. They spend a right smart measurement of magazine fetching water (Dreibelbis, Winch, Leontsini, Hulland, jampack, Unicomb, et al., 2013). This causes a decrease in the time available for education. Their health is also at risk of skeletal terms caused by carrying heavy loads of water every day over long distances. Loss of authorization school days and education prevents the next multiplication of women from holding professional employments.\r\nAccess to safe water for drinking will make women in Sub-Saharan Africa increase time allocated to educatio n which will make them take leadership positions. Scarcity of water makes many children in this region drop out of school to help in household chores which are do more intense by lack of water. extend in population in Africa and lack of safe water for drinking has caused a lot of melodic phrase and contradict on relations among communities and amid countries.It has been argued that Nile River is a source of deviation in nine-spot countries. Water fro Nile River is the only source of sustaining life in both Sudan and Egypt. Egyptians use military force to make sure they retain entertain over Nile River because she has no other source of water. This conflict runs from the colonial era when England textile factories depended on Sudan and Egypt agricultural activities.\r\nAfter the colonial era, Egypt continued to create political instability in Ethiopia. It blocked international financing agencies from giving loans to Ethiopia in order to finance projects on the river. The co nflict is now real because Ethiopia has now managed to carry out water projects on her own like building hydro-power dams and irrigation programs. Egypt has been report to issue threats of war to Tanzania and Ethiopia. In 1970s, Egypt armed Somalia independent rebels in Ethiopia in the Somali invasion. The nine involved states have had agreements and treaties in a bid to control conflict.\r\nHowever, treaties and agreements have resulted to inequitable rights of using water from Nile River betwixt countries. An example is a treaty surrounded by with child(p) Britain and Ethiopia, Emperor Menelik II, king of kings of Ethiopia. He agreed with the establishment of His Britannic Majesty not to construct or permit construction projects crossways Blue Nile, the Sobat and Lake Tana in 1902. In 1906, an agreement betwixt Britain and Government of self-sufficing state of Congo would not construct or permit any construction of projects over or near Semliki or Isango rivet that would reduce the amount of water entering Lake Albert. In 1925, conflict between Egypt and Ethiopia escalated because Ethiopia opposed earlier agreements (Dreibelbis et al., 2013).\r\nThe League of Nations demanded Italy and British political relation give an explanation on sovereignty of Ethiopia on Lake Tana. The League of Nations did not help resolve the conflict because at that place was no self enforcing and reliable mechanism to protect the property rights of stakeholders which is necessary for international water development to be applied. Due to failure of United Nations to help solve the Nile basin conflict, nine riparian states formed a retainership called Nile lavatory opening move. Its assign is to develop Nile River in a cooperative way, sharing social-economic benefits that promote regional security and peace. World intrust agreed to support the work of Nile basinful Initiative as a development partner as well as an administrator of multi donor Nile Basin Trust Fun d.\r\nDis jelles have also erupted in Niger River Basin. Disagreements and disputes in this basin are caused by limited access to safe drinking water. The disputes are between communities in Mali, Nigeria, and Niger. River flows and rainfall have reduced from 1970s lede to tension between two communities that live in the basin. The two communities are pastoralists and farmers. Pastoralists are forced by lack of water to travel farther with their herds. On the other hand, farmers expand their cropland to take care of careen magnitude population. This reduces pathways that are available to herder and their livestock. Tension increase due to poor policy decisions. In Lokoga in Nigeria, political relation started dredging Niger River in early 2009 to increase commercial shipping (Huang, Jacangelo & Schwab, 2011).\r\nThe establishment of Nigeria argued that dredging would help reduce flooding but late farmer suffered from floods in 2010. Farmers resulted to building homes and cu ltivating land away from the river leading to lessening in land available for grazing. This has facilitated conflict between the two communities greatly. New dams rose built by the government of Nigeria raised ecological issues that provoked rough negotiations over sharing of resources equitably in Niger Basin (Loftus, 2009). It was reported that Mali and Niger did not support construction of dams across the river. Navigation of the river was also constrained by the handiness of large boats when water is deep enough. Climate transfigure in Niger Basin has caused a high storey of variability in river flows, rainfall and temperature. The international biotic community is doing little in helping the conflicting countries in the Niger Basin resolve the conflict.\r\nScarcity of safe drinking water has also led to a lot of competition in Volta River basin. Volter River basin is said to be one of the poorest part in Africa continent and is dual-lane by six double-u African states. nation in the basin depend on agriculture as their means of livelihood. The population in West Africa is growing at the rate of 3% consequently lay pressure on water resources and land. Burkina Faso is change magnitude agricultural development upstream using jump resources such as water (Okun, 1991). Water development in Burkina Faso has had a negative impact on Akosombo Dam which gold coast depends on for its energy supply. In 1998, low water level caused energy crisis in Ghana which ended up blaming Burkina Faso water project. rugged water levels could have been caused by other factors such as unreliable rainfall variability. Peaceful conflict resolutions could be hindered in the future by meagre communication between Ghana and Burkina Faso (Ram, Kelsey, Miarintsoa, Rakotomalala, Dunston, & Quick, 2007).\r\nGhana wants to create dams for power generation while Burkina Faso plans to use water for irrigation hence causing conflicts of interest. This conflict have interna tional community recognition which formed a major inter-governmental program to enhance regional cooperation. unfledged cross water for peace project was put in place to ensure full and also active involvement of representatives of civil societies across the region in generation of basin’s agreement, management policies and principles.\r\n create countries can learn form actual countries on how to have adequate water supply and sanitation facilities, management of floods, pollution, management of rivers and large dams. Ram et al. (2007) argues that good cheek can help lead the lack of safe drinking water. He further argues that good governance is essential in procuring loans and aid for water projects form international organizations like world bank, International Monetary Fund, Africa Development bank and from true countries like Britain, Germany, china, France, united Sates of America and Russia (Rosenberg, 2010).\r\nAn example of a democracy that applied good governa nce to address water problem is South Africa. After Apartheid, the government of South Africa inherited huge problems of access to safe drinking water. It had a population of over 15 million people lacked access to clean water. The government managed to commit itself to high standards and investment subsidies to make its goal. From that time South Africa has made good progress to a point where it reached the universal access to improved water source in its urban centers. Similarly, the percentage of people in rural areas with access to clean water increased from sixty six percent to cardinal nine percent from 1991 to 2010 (Loftus, 2009).\r\nGood governance will help government in developing countries partner with institutions that will help turn all underperforming utilities into good service providers. They would also benefit from the expertise in local, national and international sectors. Re seek has shown that it is difficult to change processes in water sectors. There has been friction between stakeholder and partners in determining priorities. This led to ambiguities in the role and responsibilities allocation resulting to the high speak to of transaction. Just like in developed countries, good governance in developing countries will enable providers and policymakers are responsible to water users. This assists in improving services and enhancing consumer catch the need for changes and the possible contribution of public mysterious partnership (Ram et al., 2007).\r\nGreat relationship with international financial institutions will enable developed countries have an adequate supply of safe water. World Bank is cognise to finance building of root such as funds to dig boreholes. It usually subsidizes the cost of infrastructure through inter-governmental transfers, donor projects and social development funds (Okun, 1991).\r\n exploitation countries should consider the use of use decentralise Mebran Filtration body. This technology provides safe dri nking water that is clean. This constitution employs effective ways of removing surrogate bacteria and parasites from drinking water hat is responsible for contamination of water. This order is affordable to low income countries. Decentralized Mebran Filtration system is leave where central municipal water treatment is not possible. It aims to apply integrated bench scale and orbital cavity scale approach in evaluating sustainability of Decentralized Mebran Filtration system in providing safe drinking water (Huang et al., 2011).\r\nanother(prenominal) possible solution is applying desalinization technology. This technology is said to filter coarsenessy water through membranes and removing salt through a process of electro dialysis and the reverse osmosis. The technology has worked in over one hundred and thirty countries in Middle East and in atomic number 7 Africa. With this technology, countries that are currently using it produce over six billion gallons of safe drinking wa ter a day. Recycling and filtration should also be encourage because the two methods are easy and cheap. Conserving water can also be achieved on a little scale beginning with improvement in homes (EMD, 2009).\r\n unquestionable countries should explore and exploit electron tube water. A country like Kenya and Namibia has discovered a 10,000 year old supply of water in underground aquifers. This underground water can satisfy the needs of Namibia for over four hundred years. investigateers argue that throughout Africa, on that point is twenty times more underground water than volume of surface water. The population of Africa is expected to increase to over two billion in 2050. This implies that countries need to explore other sources of water since traditional sources of fresh water are affected by changes in climate, lack of rainfall and rises in temperature that evaporate lakes and rivers.\r\n early(a) methods that developing countries should encourage their citizens to use in clude stewing water. It is an efficient method of water sterilization though boiling is costly in terms of give notice use. Another method is solar disinfection by use of ultraviolet radiation. This method is cheap and less damaging. It involves putting water in transparent pliable bottles and exposing it to cheer for about forty eight hours. This technology cost people nothing by only plastic bottles full of water on corrugated alloy roof.\r\nLow income countries should also start water projects like water dams and rain catchment systems. These methods are simple and inexpensive. A well close to a village or in a village ensures people do not walk long distances in search of water. It saves time hence making sure there is enough time allocated for other things like breeding (Barone, 2008).\r\nCampbell et al. (2013) argues that integrated look for can help countries achieve adequate supply of safe water for drinking. He attributes the lack of water to fear and inadequate sha ke-up by communities. He points out that global question can help solve the problem of water scarcity and proper sanitation. This implies that United Nations should put more effort in bringing solutions to water problems. African countries can achieve adequate supply of clean water if they invest in integrated research and funding. They should also put in place policies and infrastructures that curl foreign investments from developed countries such as United States of America, France, China and Russia.\r\nLack of safe water for drinking is a global problem. It affects both developed countries as well as developing countries. United Nations should look for ways to deal with water scarcity and tender ways of resolving political instabilities resulting from water stress. Developing countries should learn from developed countries on the most prehend ways of providing clean water. They should maintain good governance and a good environment that can attract foreign investors as well as donors. with collective effort from all stakeholders, the problem of water can be solved.\r\nReferences\r\nBarone, J. (2008). Better Water. Discovery, 29(5), 31-32.\r\nCampbell, R. L., Caldwell, D., Hopkins, B., Heaney, C. D., Wing, S., Wilson, S. M., et al. (2013). Integrating Research and Community Organizing to Address Water and Sanitation Concerns in a Community Bordering a Landfill. Journal of environmental Health, 75(10), 48-50.\r\nDreibelbis, R., Winch, P. J., Leontsini, E., Hulland, K. R., Ram, P. K., Unicomb, L., et al. (2013). The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a role model for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC macrocosm Health, 13(1), 1015.\r\nEMD Millipore (2013, September 23). EMD Millipore Donates $30,000 to Charity: Water in acquaintance of World Water Week. Pharma Business Week, p. 22.\r\nHuang, H., Jacangelo, J. G., & amp; Schwab, K. J. (2011). Decentralized Membrane Filtration System for Sustainable and Safe Drinking Water Supply in Low-Income Countries: baseline Study. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 137(11), 981-989.\r\nLoftus, A. (2009). Rethinking Political Ecologies of Water. Third World Quarterly, 30(5), 953-968.\r\nOkun, D. A. (1991). A Water and Sanitation Strategy for the Developing World. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 33(8), 16-43.\r\nRam, P. K., Kelsey, E., Miarintsoa, R. R., Rakotomalala, O., Dunston, C., & Quick, R. E. (2007). Bringing Safe Water to Remote Populations: An paygrade of a Portable Point-of-Use Intervention in sylvan Madagascar. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 398-400.\r\nRosenberg, T. (2010). The burden of thirst. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Magazine.\r\nSource document\r\n'