Antimicrobial Activity of Oil Extract from Marang Seeds

antimicrobial use of Oil Extract from Marang SeedsAntimicrobial Activity of Oil Extract from Marang Seeds (Artocarpus odoratissimus)against Escherichia coli and staphylococci epidermidisIntroduction substantial oils atomic number 18 amplely gaining interest a comp unmatchednt in medicinal products, forage industry and pharmaceutical industry. Many studies were conducted to identify the disinfectant, antifungal and insecticidal activities of essential oils obtained from whole shebangs. Essential oils fill many therapeutic activities and they aid the distribution of drugs and antiseptics. Furthermore, the testing of plant extracts for its antimicrobial per jumpance has always been of great attention to scientists looking for crude sources for drugs for the treatment of various diseases (Nagala et al., 2013).Antimicrobial Compounds from kit and boodlesPhenolsAccording to Cetin-Karaca (2011), phenolic compounds ar one of the just about diverse groups of secondary metabolites give in edible plants. They atomic number 18 found in a full(a) variety of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, stems and flowers. There are different classes of polyphenols known as tannins, lignins and flavonoids.Cinnamic and caffeic acids are common representatives of a wide group of phenylpropane-derived compounds which are in the highest oxidation state. Herbs such as estragon and thyme both contain caffeic acid that is effective against viruses, bacteria and fungi. Catechol and pyrogallol both are hydroxylated phenols, shown to be toxic to microorganisms. Catechol has two 2OH groups, and pyrogallol has three. The site(s) and number of hydroxyl groups on the phenol group are thought to be tie in to their relative perniciousness to microorganisms, with evidence that increased hydroxylation results in increased toxicity (Cowan, 1999).FlavonoidsFlavonoids are the most widely occurring polyphenol and are present in intimately every form of valet de chambre consumed vegetation. F lavonoids are potent antioxidants, free basis scavengers and metal chelators they surmount lipid peroxidation and exhibit various physiological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-hypertensive, anti-arthritic and antimicrobial activities (Cetin-Karaca, 2011).Flavonoids are also hydroxylated phenolic substances but occur as a C6-C3 unit linked to an aromatic ring. Since they are known to be synthesized by plants in response to microbial infection, it should not be surprising that they involve been found in vitro to be effective antimicrobial substances against a wide array of microorganisms. Catechins, the most reduced form of the C3 unit in flavonoid compounds, have been extensively questioned due to their occurrence in oolong green teas. It was noticed round time ago that teas exerted antimicrobial activity and that they contain a multifariousness of catechin compounds. These compounds inhibited in vitro Vibrio cholerae, Streptococcu s mutans, Shigella and other bacteria and microorganisms (Cowan, 1999).Plant Extracts as Potential Antibacterial AgentsNumerous studies investigated about the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts against a great number of bacterial species. Plant extracts were disposed(p) from fresh or dried plant square using constituted extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction, maceration, percolation). Extraction is process of separation of active compounds from plant material using different solvents. During extraction, solvents diffuse into the plant material and solubilise compounds with similar polarity. At the end of the extraction, solvents have been evaporated, so that an extract is a concentrated potpourri of plant active compounds. Successful extraction is largely dependent on the type of solvent used in the extraction procedure. Water extracts and extracts from fundamental solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform are usually used. public exposure and dilution me thod are two types of susceptibility test used to control the antibacterial efficacy of plant extracts. Diffusion method is a soft test which allows classification of bacteria as susceptible or large-minded to the tested plant extract according to size of diameter of the partition off of inhibition. In dilution method, the activity of plant extracts is determined as Minimum restrictive Concentration (MIC). MIC is defined as the lowest concentration able to inhibit bacterial growth (Stefanovic, et al., 2012).Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus)Artocarpus odoratissimus is also known as Marang, Johey oak or Tarap which is a tropical fruit tree natural to Asia. It belongs to the Moraceae family and is closely related to Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) and breadfruit (Artocarpus comminis). It originated in Borneo and has been introduced into neighbouring countries, including the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand. It is an evergreen plant tree, which can grow up to 25 m tall and has a 40 cm diameter trunk with low buttresses. The leaves are generally elliptic to obovate at around 16to 50cm long and 11to 28cmwide. They are cuneated at base to slightly decurrent, margin entire or shallowly crenate, and flush blunt or shortly acuminate. It is a monoecious plant so one plant is enough for the production of fruit. The fruit is green, ovoid in shape, quite large, averaging about 16 cm in length, 13 cm in diameter and weighing about 1 kg (KPR Gardeners Club, 2009). It is circular oblong, regular, and thickly studded with short, brittle, greenish yellow spines. The rind is thick and fleshy. The flesh is snow-clad white, very sweet when ripe, juicy and very aromatic. The flesh is separated into segments clinging to the important core and each segment contains a seed. The seeds are many, whitish, 8 15 mm in size, smooth surfaced and readily separated from the flesh (Subhadrabandhu, 2001).Escherichia coliEscherichia coliis the most prevalent infecting organism in the family of gram-negative bacteria known as enterobacteriaceae.E. coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium propelled by long, rapidly rotating flagella. Escherichia colibacteria were discovered in the human colon in 1885 by German bacteriologist Theodor Escherich. Dr. Escherich also showed that original strains of the bacterium were responsible for infant diarrhea and gastroenteritis, an important public health discovery. AlthoughE. coli bacteria were initially called Bacterium coli, the name was later changed toEscherichia colito honor its sentry (Clark, 2005). It is part of the normal flora of the mouth and gut and helps protect the enteral tract from bacterial infection, aids in digestion, and produces small amounts of vitamins B12 and K. The bacterium, which is also found in soil and water, is widely used in laboratory research and is said to be the most thoroughly studied life form (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2012).Staphylococcus epidermidisStaphylococc us epidermidis belongs to the genus Staphylococcus, and they are facultative anaerobes (Wiedemer, 2012). Staphylococcus epidermidis is a well characterized, non-fastidious, and it is a gram positive bacteria. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a coagulase negative staph (CNS) they are found and colonizes the skin and the mucous membranes of the human body and they play an important part of it normal flora (Sousa et al., 2008). These species of staphylococcus secretes and produces a biofilm of polysaccharides that protects the cell against the host immune system or antibiotic drug treatments (Schjorring et al., 2002). These staphylococci are mainly dispersed during skin to skin turn over using medical instruments and procedures. Staphylococcus epidermidis can cause infections in humanness like meningitis, urinary tract infection (UTI) conjunctivitis, and endocarditis (Wiedemer, 2012).BibliographyCetin-Karaca, H. (2011). Evaluation of Natural Antimicrobial Phenolic Compounds Against F oodborne Pathogens. University of Kentucky Masters Theses.Paper 652. Retrieved from http//uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1163context=gradschool_thesesClark, M. (2005). E. coli Food Poisoning What is E. coli and how does it cause victuals poisoning? About E. coli. Retrieved from http//www.about-ecoli.com/. Retrieved on July 15, 2014.Cowan, M. (1999). Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents. clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct. 1999, p. 564582. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88925/pdf/cm000564.pdf?origin=publication_detailKPR Gardeners Club. (2009). Breadfruit Artocarpus odoratissimus, Marang. Botanix A Journal About Plants and Gardening. Retrieved from http//www.botanix.kpr.eu/en/index.php?text=6-breadfruit-artocarpus-odoratissimus-marangNagala, S., Yekula, M. Tamanam, R. (2013). Antioxidant and gas chromatographic analysis of ve varieties of jackfruit (Artocarpus) seed oils. drug Invention Today 5 (2013) 315-320. Retrieved from http//www.s ciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0975761913000616Schjorring, S., Ramos, A., Fraustrup, H., Hallin, P.F. (2002). Pathogenic probe of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Technical University of Denmark. Retrieved from http//www.cbs.dtu.dk/pfh/files/mrsa.pdfSousa,C., Teixeira, P. Oliveira, R. (2008). Influence of surface properties on the alliance of Staphylococcus epidermidis to Acrylic and Silicone. International Journal of Biomaterials Volume2009(2009), Article ID718017, 9 pages inside10.1155/2009/718017. Retrieved from http//www.hindawi.com/journals/ijbm/2009/718017/Subhadrabandhu, S. (2001). Under-Utilized Tropical Fruits of Thailand. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regiona Office for Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved from http//www.fao.org/3/a-ab777e.pdfStefanovic, et al. (2012). Antibacterial Activity of Naturally Occurring Compounds from Selected Plants. ISBN 978-953-51-0723-1, InTech, DOI 10.5772/33059. Retrieved from http//cdn. intechopen.com/pdfs/38642.pdfThe Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. (2012). Escherichia coli. Infoplease.com. Retrieved from http//www.infoplease.com/ encyclopaedia/science/escherichia-coli.htmlWiedemer, C. (2012). Microbiology Unknown Lab Report. CPR St. Louis. Retrieved from http//aclsstlouis.com/3961/microbiology-unknown-lab-reports/