Aspects of Health and Health Promotion

Aspects of vigorousness and Health Promotion1) exploit, in profit to promoting a general sprightliness of physical well creation and aiding weight loss, actually confers protection against dis array. example decreases the incidence of coronary heart disease (Powell, 1987). The exercise, to be effective for cardiac protection, involve to be sufficient to increase the cardiac output for many fifteen minutes, and it motivations to be taken on a unfaltering basis two or trinity times a week. Exercise is generally good for health and there argon numerous authenticated health benefits (RCP, 1991).A Mediterranean diet is iodine which is rich in vegetables, take, fish and cereals as well as being accompanied by a small intake of red wine. The amount of red perfume is fairly modest as also is the dairy intake. There is try on that such a diet taken by older wad actually prolongs their natural selection (Trichopoulou, 2005). This study was carried out as a commence of the w ider EPIC study which investigates the personal effects of life mood on quartercer and on other chronic diseases (Riboli, 2002).2) fleshiness is an increasing public health coming back in the UK today since an increasing proportion of the population is becoming overweight. Obesity is defined objectively as a body hand king of 30 or more than kg/m2. The body mass office is calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the squarely of the height in metres. As the body mass index rises so the take a chance of type 2 diabetes also increases (Colditz, 1990). Type 2 diabetes is a major health problem in that it predisposes an man-to-manistic to a innovation of illnesses circumstancely coronary heart disease. Additionally an increased proportion of utter(a) fat in the diet is linearly associated with the development of type 2 diabetes (Krentz, 2001) and so it is not just a risque body mass index only other aspects of the diet itself which predispose to ill health. fastbal l is strongly associated with lung crabby person and actual mortality from lung mucklecer in appendage to increased incidence and mortality from other cancers (Doll, 1994). The amount of cigarettes smoked correlates with the breaker point of risk (Doll, 1994). Smoking also increases mortality from coronary artery disease and stroke (Doll, 1994). Of hoi polloi who smoke regularly one half result die of a smoking related disorder (Doll, 1994). In evaluating the effects of smoking the Health Education Authority (HEA) (1991) reports that smoking kills 110 000 people individually year in the UK. This means that smoking causes one in e precise six deaths. The HEA (1991) reports that 225 000 hospital admissions annually are due to smoking.3)When evaluating an individuals or even ones own lifestyle, with friendship to health, areas of deportment that could be improved can be further evaluated. For warrant there is the danger aspect of the lifestyle for example with abuse of drugs. such(prenominal) a lifestyle of drug addiction is very likely to be associated with much health morbidity and tender disadvantage and in addition a high likelihood of drug related death. Other aspects of an rheumatic lifestyle to consider are the ease with which a change can be made to the specific factor. For pattern there might not be the financial means to move from a polluted sexual city home or to join an expensive gym. Priority scenery should take account of the danger aspect and changes in these life style aspects should be enacted without delay.Stopping smoking radically reduces the risk of developing lung cancer and stopping smoking before middle age avoids 90 per pennyime of the smoking related health risks (Peto, 2000). Stopping smoking improves the individuals general quality of life with fewer reports of illness (Parrott 2004). If testament tycoon cannot overcome the addiction to nicotine then nicotine replacement medication can be given in a variety of center ings and is likely to prove beneficial in breaking the habit (Parrott, 2004).Losing excess weight will improve health. This has been evaluated by domiciliate (2002) as a ten per cent body weight loss in an orotund person being associated with more than a 30 per cent reduction in risk of diabetic related death. It is also associated with a decrease in kin pressure and a decrease in triglyceride and harmful cholesterol. There is a corresponding increase in the beneficial high density lipoprotein indoors the blood.4)Naidoo (2000) describes five health advance methods. Although they pay back some overlap they each have a different emphasis. The medical method is largely a preventative one. The cultivational method improves peoples knowledge whilst the behavioural approach concentrates on altering patterns of behaviour so that the individual learns by doing. Empowerment encourages ownership of problems and self determination to do something about them. The amicable change is impo rtant to create an environment which fosters healthy choices.To assist the smoker in giving up it is the educational and behavioural approaches that are the approximately appropriate. However the sociable aspect whereby smoking has become less grateful also plays an important role. Additionally the legislation making it much more difficult to smoke in public places and the heavy taxation on tobacco also goes some way towards discouraging the habit. The same three methods are important in achieving weight loss in obese people. The behavioural approach also involves some aspect of education and so any evaluation of the effects that are solely due to the behavioural approach are difficult. The educational method of health promotion can be broken down further into the three areas of understanding, attitudes and skills (Naidoo, 2000). The effects of the education approach itself are relatively easy to evaluate by canvas the patients knowledge before and after an educational intervent ion.5) training leaflets are available at general practitioners surgeries and in spite of appearance hospitals giving information about smoking cessations and how to get help with pharmacologic agents when necessary. The suitability will vary according to the patients needs and attitude at the time of seeing the leaflet. A particularly reclaimable approach is where, as is the case with cigarette smoking, there is health promotion material in a variety of formats for instance also including a website.Advice and information on the advisability or being an appropriate weight for ones height is also available in a act of formats. When evaluating material on an internet site it is important for the source to be acknowledged and for the site to be continually unploughed up to discover (Ewles, 2004). The Government generated slogan eat five a day is intentional to reinforce the message that eating fruit and vegetables in the diet is expedient for health and it promotes a higher int ake of these foods. It is a short difficult message which has been widely disseminated in a number of formats. It has reached a very wide audience and is likely to be increasing peoples intake of fruit and vegetables. The message is short and confined to increased intake of particular foods but does not encompass within its message that these foods should be eaten instead of high fat or high sugar content foods. If the message had co-ordinated a slogan about food substitution it might have had more effect on obesity.6)Fear can be a motivator for instance the knowledge that drink parkway is a severe liability offence and will result in the removal of the individuals driving licence and resulting major inconvenience and also cordial stigma. Shock can be a propel factor for instance the television advertisements in the drink driving campaigns leading up to Christmas are often designed to present the message in an emotive way to really bring home to the individual the grief that d rink driving can bring about. The health belief model (Naidoo, 2000) suggests that people need to have a trigger or an event in order to change their behaviour. The theory of reasoned action (Ajzen, 1980) encompasses the individual actually measure up the advantages and disadvantages of changing together with a desire to conform to what every one else is doing. The conformity aspect is particularly important within this theory. The social learning theory (Bandura, 1977) involves outcome expectations and belief in the ability to make up the change. This is particularly pertinent to the decision by an obese person to overleap weight.7)To maintain the change the health promotion messages need to be kept up and be consistent. A change in the behaviour of others couple with changes in social attitudes (for instance in giving up smoking) may be helpful.The messages about not smoking from advertising and messages for instance in soap operas by actors refusing cigarettes will still hav e an effect on the individual who has given up smoking. It is likely that such messages as well as being noticed by the ex-smoker will have particular meaning for them and act as continual motivators to their healthier lifestyle. Once a change in behaviour has come about, for instance eating a better diet or not smoking, the health benefits of actually aroma better and more attractive may be motivators to maintaining the improved behaviour. These motivating factors may constitute a resistance to change as behaviour becomes set in the new way (Lewin 1951).ReferencesAjzen I Fishbein M 1980 disposition attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Prentice Hall.Bandura A 1977 Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.Chambers R Wakley G 2002 Obesity and overweight matters in primary care. Radcliffe. OxfordColditz GA Willett WC Stampfer MJ et al 1990 American ledger of Epidemiology 132 501-13.Doll R Peto R Wheatley R 1994 Mortality in relation to smoking 40 years manifestation on male Brit ish doctors. British Medical Journal 309 901-11Ewles l Simnett 2004 Promoting health a practical guide 5th edition Bailliere Tindall capital of the United KingdomHealth Education Authority (1991) The smoking epidemic counting the represent in England and Wales. HEA. LondonKrentz AJ Bailey CJ 2001 Type 2 diabetes in practice. olympian social club of Medicine Press London.Lewin K 1951 Field theory in social science selected theoretical papers. Harper and Row New YorkNaidoo J Wills J 2000 Health promotion foundations for practice 2nd edition Bailliere Tindall LondonParrott S Godfrey C 2004 ABC of smoking cessation. British Medical Journal 328 947-9Peto R Darby S Doe H 2000 Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950 combination of national statistics with two case control studies. British Medical Journal 321 323-9Powell KE Thompson PD Caspersen CJ et al 1987 Physical activity and the incidence of CHD. Annual survey of Public Health 8 253-87.RCP (Royal College of Physicians) 1991 medical aspects of exercise benefits and risks. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians. 25 193-6.Riboli E Hunt KJ Slimani N 2002 European prospective investigating into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) study populations and data collection. Public Health Nutr 1113-24Trichopoulou A Orfanos P Norat T et al 2005 modified Mediterranean diet and survival EPIC-elderly prospective cohort study BMJ 330 991