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Sunday, April 14, 2019

Great Depression Paper 3 Study Questions Essay Example for Free

prominent Depression writing 3 Study Questions Essay1. The effect of the biggish(p) Depression on the society of two province in the the Statess.The abundant Depression brought a rapid rise in the CRIME RATE as or so(prenominal) unemployed workers resorted to petty theft to put food on the table. Suicide emerge rose, as did reported cases of malnutrition. Prostitution was on the rise as desperate women sought ways to pay the bills. wellness care in general was non a priority for many another(prenominal) Americans, as visiting the touch on was reserved for only the direst of circumstances. Alcoholism increased with Americans seeking outlets for escape, compounded by the repeal of prohibition in 1933. Cigar smoking became too expensive, so many Americans switched to cheaper cigarettes. Higher education remained out of reach for most Americans as the nations universities saw their student bodies shrink during the first half of the decade. High school attendance incre ased among males, however.Because the prospects of a young male getting a job were so incredibly dim, many decided to check in school longer. However, public spending on education declined penetratively, causing many schools to open understaffed or close due to lack of funds. Demographic trends also changed sharply. Marriages were delayed as many males waited until they could raise for a family onward proposing to a prospective spouse. Divorce judge dropped steadily in the 1930s. Rates of renunciation increased as many husbands chose the poor mans divorce option they just ran away from their marriages. Birth rates fell sharply, especi completelyy during the lowest points of the Depression.More and more than Americans learned intimately birth control to revoke the added expenses of unexpected children. Mass migrations move throughout the 1930s. Rural new(a) England and upstate impudently York disordered many citizens seeking opportunity elsewhere. TheGREAT PLAINS helpl ess population to states such as California and Arizona. The Dust Bowl send thousands of OKIES and ARKIES looking to make a better life. Many of the MIGRANTS were adoles centimes seeking opportunity away from a family that had junior mouths to feed. Over 600,000 good deal were caught hitching rides on trains during the Great Depression. Many times offenders went unpunished.2. The effect of FDRs domestic policies in the 1930s on the power of the presidency, the power of the states attitudes towards brass regulation of the economy. 4. The success of unitary governance activity of the Americas to undertake solve the problems of the Great Depression. 8. Success of programs of brasss of the Americas to deal with the Depression.Franklin Delano Roosevelt entered the White House in 1932 at the darkest hour of the Great Depression, promising a bare-assed deal for the American muckle. The package of legislative reforms that came to be known as the newfound Deal permanently and dr amatic solelyy transformed the politics and economy of the United States. Shortly after(prenominal) winning office, Roosevelt explained to the American people that his sweet Deal program would seek to deliver relief, recovery, and reformthe supposed 3 Rs. In the field of relief, the impertinent Deal proved to be highly successful. Millions of Americans, unavailing to happen work in an economy that was excuse badly broken four years into the Great Depression, top executive have literally starved to death if not for the government checks they earned by working for new agencies like the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration.FDR created other policies such as the abdominal aortic aneurysm which paid farmers to destruct crops and reduce production to keep prices from falling, National Industry Recovery Act which accomplished a minimum wage and maximum working hours. In terms of reform, the New Deal legacy may have been unmatched in American history. For better or worse, Roosevelts program drastically adapted the relationship amongst the capitalist securities industry, the people, and their government, creating for the first time in this countrys history an activist state perpetrate to providing individual citizens with a measure of security against the unpredictable turns of the commercialise. Whether this vast enlargement of the governments role in American society helped or hurt the countrys long-run prospects remains a question of great semipolitical logical argument to this day, but there can be no denying the magnitude of change wrought by FDRs presidency.When it came to recovery, however, the New Deals performance lagged. It was certainly successful in both short-term relief, and in implementing long-term structural reform. However, the New Deal fai take to end the Great Depression. Throughout the decade of the 1930s,unemployment remained brutally high, while scotch growth remained sorely slow. Recovery only came abo ut, at last, in Roosevelts third term, when the heavy demands of mobilization for initiation War II finally restored the country to full employment.Ironically, then, Adolf Hitler probably did more to end the Great Depression in America than Franklin Roosevelt did. Still, despite failing in its most important objective, the New Deal forever changed this country. Roosevelt built a dominant new political coalition, creating a Democratic majority that lasted for half a century. The structural stableness and social security provided by the New Deals reforms underlay a comportwar economic boom that many historians and economists have described as the golden age of American capitalism. And Roosevelt permanently changed the American peoples expectations of their presidents and their government.3. The achievements limitations of Mackenzie King as Prime Minister of Canada. In the initial six months following the filiation market crash, King took pocket-sized action to address problems li ke unemployment. When asked where the proceeds of raised tax incomees would go, King answered I would not give them (a Tory government) a five-cent piece. King took a hands-off approach to the situation because he believed the economy would fix itself. He appeared nonvoluntary to address the problems of the depression. He began a policy of freer trade. Within trio weeks of taking office he had sign a trade agreement with the United States (1935). This marked the turning away from the ever-increasing tariff barriers between the dickens countries which had reached their peak with the Hawley-Smoot tariff and the Bennett tariff, both in 1930.A further trade agreement was signed three years later involving Great Britain as well as the United States. Soon after taking office King appointed a National Employment Commission, which was assigned to reorganize the administration of all relief expenditures, and recommend measures which to create employment opportunities. The NEC was ineffec tive. nearly of the relief was administered by provincial and municipal governments and, even though the national government was providing much of the currency, there was little the federal government could do to change the system. The 1938 budget included $25 million in adjunctal expenditure after printing press from the NEC.This was a turning point in Canadian fiscal policyfor the first time a government had consciously decided to spend money to counteract a low in the argumentation cycle. This was the application of Keynesian economics, which saw that governments should deliberately invest into the economy during times of depression in regulate to counterbalance the deficiency, because private enterprise was not in the position to do so itself. In addition to the expenditures in the budget the government also offered loans to municipal. Nationalities for local improvements and passed a Housing Act to encourage the grammatical construction of homes. Consistent with this Ke ynesian approach, the government also reduced some taxes and offered some tax exemptions for private investors.5. The causes of the Great Depression its effects.Great Depression CausesStock Market Crash of 1929 The line of line market crash took place on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. It was one of the major causes that direct to the Great Depression. Two months after the original crash, the stockholders had disjointed more than 40 billion dollars. By the end of 1930s, the stock market started to regain some of its losses. However, it was not sufficient and America was in the state of the Great Depression. This situation was worsened by firming of money rates to the commercial interests. Bank Failures Throughout the 1930s, a considerable bevel failure took place and more than 9,000 banks failed. Most bank deposits were uninsured. As a result, a number of people lost their savings due to the bank failures. Because of uncertain economic situation and problems of bank survival , people were not willing to go for new loans. diminution in Purchasing Across the Board With the stock market crash and fears of economic woes, people from all classes stopped purchasing any items and avoided expenditures. As a result, production of a number of items was slighten. It ultimately resulted in a reduction in the work force. As numerous people lost their jobs, they were unable to pay for the items they had bought on installment plans. As a result, their items were repossessed. There was an accumulation of more inventories. About 25% of people were unemployed.American Economic Policy with Europe As the argumentationes begin to fail, the government created the Hawley-Smoot Tariff in the year 1930 in order to help protect the American companies. A higher tax was charged for the imports, leading to a reduced trade between the U.S. and the foreign countries. Drought Conditions The drought that occurred in the Mississippi Valley in 1930 is also regarded as one of the major causes of the Great Depression (though not a direct cause). As a result, several people were not able to pay their taxes due to other debts. Therefore, they had to sell their farms without gaining any profit. They moved to the cities in search of jobs. Many farmers lived on charity, along with their families.Economic Effects As it was a major economic phenomenon it had sedate and widespread economic effects. Trade Collapse. The Depression became a valetwide business downturn of the 1930s that modify almost all countries. International commerce declined quickly. There was a sharp reduction in tax revenues, profits and personal incomes. It affected both countries that exported raw materials and the industrialized countries. It led to a sharp drop-off in world trade as each country tested to protect their own industries and products by raising tariffs on imports. World Trade collapsed with trade in 1939 still below the 1929 level. It set the wheels trilled towards the end of inte rnational gold standards and consequently the emergence of the fixed supercede rate system. Reduction in Government Spending.Governments all around the world reduced their spending, which led to dropd consumer demand. Construction came to a point of view in many nations. As a consequence of government actions, the substantive Gross National point of intersection of nations like United States and Britain fell by 30.5%, wholesale prices fell by 30.8%, and consumer prices fell by 24.4%. Employee wo Wages were scaled down to 20 percent, whereas 25 percent of the workforce was left unemployed. This led to decrease in the standard of living pushing the economy further into the discretion of the Depression. Breakdown of the Financial Machinery. Thousands of investors lost large sums of money and several were wiped out, losing everything. Banks, stores, and factories were closed and left millions of people jobless, impecunious and homeless. In 1929, 659 public celestial sphere banks were shut and by the end of 1931 this number rose to 2294.Many people came to depend on the government or charities to provide them with food. Effect on Agriculture. Due to lack of subsidies and loans, farmers were unable to support mass adopt leading to under-capacity output. Textile farming faced the major blow. The utmost served as a precursor to one of the worst droughts in modern American history that struck the Great Plains in 1934. Although a few segments under culture e.g. cotton benefited from the crisis, in general the whole bucolic sector experienced a setback. Political Effects. The Depression had profound political effects. In countries such as Germany and Japan, reaction to the Depression brought about the rise to power of militarist governments who adopted the aggressive foreign policies that led to the Second World War.In Germany, weak economic conditions led to the rise to power of Adolf Hitler. Germany suffered greatly because of the huge debt the country wa s burdened by following World War I. The Japanese invaded China and developed mines and industries in Manchuria. Japan thought that this economic growth would relieve the Depression. In countries such as the United States and Britain, the government intervened which ultimately resulted in the universe of welfare systems. Franklin D. Roosevelt became the United States President in 1933. He promised a New Deal under which the government would intervene to reduce unemployment by work-creation schemes such as painting of the post offices and street cleaning. Both agriculture and industry were supported by policies to limit output and increase prices.6. Factors of world trade finance that caused the Great Depression in the Americas.In the 1920s more people invested in the stock market than ever before. Stock prices rose so fast that at the end of the decade, some people became rich overnight by buying and selling stocks. People could buy stocks on permissiveness which was like install ment buying. People could buy stocks for only a 10% down payment The vendee would hold the stock until the price rose and then sell it for a profit. As long as the stock prices kept going up, the system worked. However, during 1928 and 1929, the prices of many stocks went up faster than the value of the companies the stocks represented. Some experts warned that the red cent market would end. Buying on credit was a huge problem in the 1920s. Since the 20s was a period of great economic boom, not many people took the future into consideration. Many people bought refrigerators, cars, etc. with money that they did not have. This system was called installment buying.With this system, people could make a monthly, weekly, or yearly payment on an item that they wanted or needed. This happened until Black Tuesday, when the stock market crashed. The two systems, installment buying and buying on credit, left millions of people in debt. When many lost their jobs, they could not pay back the d ebts they had incurred. tot and demand helped bring about and also lengthen the Great Depression. The American farms and factories produced large amounts of goods and products during the prosperity before the Depression. On average peoples wages stayed the same even as prices for these goods soared. People who lived on farms had even less than urban dwellers. Because people had no money, they stopped buying these products, but factories and farms still continued to produce at the same rate.As the farmers and industry leaders realized fewer people were buying, they cut back production. To do this, they had to lay off more and more workers. These unemployed workers didnt have money to buy anything, so the factories continued to lay off people. This trend continued in a downward spiral until twenty-five per cent of the population was unemployed. In the summer of 1929, a few stock market investors began selling their stock. They predicted that the bull market might end soon, leaving th em in debt. Seeing these few investors begin to sell, others soon followed creating a half mask effect. The sudden selling caused stock prices to fall.President Herbert Hoover tried to reassure the investors saying the countrys economy was lovely and that they had no reason to worry. The words of the President were not enough, however the selling continued. Many investors in the stock market had bought large amounts of stock on margin. Nervous brokers asked investors to pay their debts, and when they couldnt repay they were forced to sell, causing stock prices to fall even more. On Tuesday, October 29, 1929, stock prices plummeted because there were no buyers for the stock offered by desperate sellers. Millions of dollars were lost that day due to the decrease in stock prices. Black Tuesday, as it was soon called, led right away to the Great Depression in the 1930s.7. The relationship of business government changed by the Great Depression in the Americas.In the early years of Ame rican history, most political leaders were reluctant to involve the federal government too heavily in the private sector, except in the area of transportation. In general, they authentic the concept of laissez-faire, a doctrine opposing government interference in the economy except to advance law and order. This attitude started to change during the latter part of the 19th century, when small business, farm, and labor movements began asking the government to intercede on their behalf. By the turn of the century, a middle class had developed that was leery of both the business elite and the somewhat radical political movements of farmers and laborers in the Midwest and West. Known as Progressives, these people favored government regulation of business practices to ensure competition and free enterprise.They also fought corruption in the public sector. Congress enacted a law regulating railroads in 1887 (the Interstate Commerce Act), and one preventing large firms from controlling a single industry in 1890 (the Sherman Antitrust Act). These laws were not rigorously enforced, however, until the years between 1900 and 1920, when Republican President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), Democratic President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), and others sympathetic to the views of the Progressives came to power. Many of todays U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years, including the Interstate Commerce Commission, the forage and Drug Administration, and the Federal Trade Commission. Government involvement in the economy increased most importantly during the New Deal of the 1930s.The 1929 stock market crash had initiated the most serious economic dislocation in the nations history, the Great Depression (1929-1940). President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) launched the New Deal to alleviate the emergency. Many of the most important laws and institutions that especial(a)ize Americans modern economy can be traced to the New Deal era. New Deal legislation all- encompassing federal authority in banking, agriculture, and public welfare. It established minimum standards for wages and hours on the job, and it served as a catalyst for the expansion of labor unions in such industries as steel, automobiles, and rubber. Programs and agencies that today seem indispensable to the performance of the countrys modern economy were created the Securities and Exchange Commission, which regulates the stock market the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guarantees bank deposits and, peradventure most notably, the Social Security system, which provides pensions to the elderly based on contributions they made when they were part of the work force.New Deal leaders flirted with the idea of building closer ties between business and government, but some of these efforts did not survive past World War II. The National Industrial Recovery Act, a short-lived New Deal program, sought to encourage business leaders and workers, with government supervision, to resolve conflicts and thereby increase productiveness and efficiency. While America never took the turn to fascism that similar business-labor-government arrangements did in Germany and Italy, the New Deal initiatives did point to a new sharing of power among these three key economic players.This confluence of power grew even more during the war, as the U.S. government intervened extensively in the economy. The War Production Board coordinated the nations productive capabilities so that military priorities would be met. Converted consumer-products plants filled many military orders. Automakers built tanks and aircraft, for example, making the United States the arsenal of democracy. In an effort to prevent rising national income and scarce consumer products to cause inflation, the newly created Office of harm Administration controlled rents on some dwellings, rationed consumer items ranging from sugar to gasoline, and otherwise tried to restrain price increases.9. The political economic changes in the Americas caused by the Depression.The Great Depression was a period in History when business was weak and many people were out of work. The Great Depression began on 29th October 1929, when the stock market in the United States crashed. It quickly turned into a worldwide economic slump owing to the special and close relationships that had been developed between the United States and European economies after World War I. It was the industrialized westerly worlds longest and most severe depression ever experienced. It ended with the arrival of the War Economy of World War II which began in 1939. Economic Effects As it was a major economic phenomenon it had serious and widespread economic effects. Trade Collapse. The Depression became a worldwide business downturn of the 1930s that affected almost all countries. International commerce declined quickly. There was a sharp reduction in tax revenues, profits and personal incomes. It affected both countries that exp orted raw materials and the industrialized countries. It led to a sharp decrease in world trade as each country tried to protect their own industries and products by raising tariffs on imports.World Trade collapsed with trade in 1939 still below the 1929 level. It set the wheels rolling towards the end of international gold standards and consequently the emergence of the fixed exchange rate system. Reduction in Government Spending. Governments all around the world reduced their spending, which led to decreased consumer demand. Construction came to a standstill in many nations. As a consequence of government actions, the real Gross National Product of nations like United States and Britain fell by 30.5%, wholesale prices fell by 30.8%, and consumer prices fell by 24.4%. Employee Distress Wages were scaled down to 20 percent, whereas 25 percent of the workforce was left unemployed.This led to decrease in the standard of living pushing the economy further into the depth of the Depressi on. Breakdown of the Financial Machinery. Thousands of investors lost large sums of money and several were wiped out, losing everything. Banks, stores, and factories were closed and left millions of people jobless, penniless and homeless. In 1929, 659 public sector banks were shut and by the end of 1931 this number rose to 2294. Many people came to depend on the government or charities to provide them with food. Effect on Agriculture. Due to lack of subsidies and loans, farmers were unable to support mass produce leading to under-capacity output. Textile farming faced the major blow.The period served as a precursor to one of the worst droughts in modern American history that struck the Great Plains in 1934. Although a few segments under agriculture e.g. cotton benefited from the crisis, in general the whole agricultural sector experienced a setback. Political Effects. The Depression had profound political effects. In countries such as Germany and Japan, reaction to the Depression brought about the rise to power of militarist governments who adopted the aggressive foreign policies that led to the Second World War. In Germany, weak economic conditions led to the rise to power of Adolf Hitler.Germany suffered greatly because of the huge debt the country was burdened by following World War I. The Japanese invaded China and developed mines and industries in Manchuria. Japan thought that this economic growth would relieve the Depression. In countries such as the United States and Britain, the government intervened which ultimately resulted in the creation of welfare systems. Franklin D. Roosevelt became the United States President in 1933. He promised a New Deal under which the government would intervene to reduce unemployment by work-creation schemes such as painting of the post offices and street cleaning. Both agriculture and industry were supported by policies to limit output and increase prices.

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