Children on Their Birthdays by Truman Capote Essay -- Children on The

Children on Their Birthdays by Truman CapoteTruman Capote created a oddball in Children on Their Birthdays who is the definition of a dreamer. Her name is Miss Bobbit and although she is only a child, everyone who knew her addressed her as Miss Bobbit be establish she had a certain magic, whatever she did she did it with completeness, and so directly , so solemnly, that there was nothing to do but accept it. When she introduced herself as Miss Bobbit people would snicker, yet she was still known as Miss Bobbit. John Updike once said, Dreams come true without that possibility, nature would not incite us to have them. This is just what Miss Bobbit believed. There was no tenia this young girl when she set her mind to something. Miss Bobbit is introduced in the story as a young, sassy, conceded girl who is mocked by almost everyone in the town. By the sack of the story she was ?surrounded by people who stopped to wish her well?.Billy Bob and Preacher are devil boys who are known to c ause trouble. ?They were the biggest friends in town talked alike, walked alike, and occasionally they disappeared together for whole days.? Although when Miss Bobbit did not appear the boys stayed close to the house hoping to catch a glimpse of her. It was obvious that the two boys had ?fallen in love? with Miss Bobbit and she could get them to do almost anything she wanted. Knowing this, Miss Bobbit did just that. The boys started to work for her and were dedicated to their...

The Dangers Of Diet Aids :: essays research papers fc

THE DANGERS OF DIET AIDSAbout a month ago, I stepped onto my bathroom scales. When I looked down at the numbers, my fears were confirmed I had gained 5 pounds. batter with a desire to shed this unwanted extra weight, I decided to join millions of Ameri asss just like me, and buy some sort of diet instigate to help me along. I had no idea what to look for, what to avoid, and possible side effects, so I began to research the different types of diet aids, both chemical and herbal, and was rush with some very disturbing facts. It has been estimated that nearly 10 million women in the U.S. buy over-the-counter diet aids.(Cottrell, 99) Diet aids come in the establish of pills, tablets, capsules, powders, milkshakes, herbal teas, and candies. They work in one of two ways, either by suppressing the craving or by producing a feeling of fullness that encourages the eater to entrap her food consumption.(Cottrell, 99) This feeling of fullness is often brought about by the ingredient guar gum, whichforms a gel in the stomach. It has not been proven, though, that guar gum has a benefit for weight reduction.(Cottrell, 99) Amphetamines, which suppress the appetite, are a greenness ingredient in many over-the-counter diet aids. They are also commonly ready in other drugs such as Speed, Crystal, White Crosses, 357 Magnums, Black Beauties, Crank, Ice, and Meth, most of which are illegal.(Cottrell, 99) Amphetamines increase heart and breathing rates and blood pressure, and dilate pupils. Users can alsoexperience a dry mouth, sweating, headache, blurred vision, dizziness,sleeplessness, and anxiety.(Cottrell, 100) Extremely high doses can bowel movement usersto flush or become pale they can cause a rapid or irregular heartbeat, tremors, loss of coordination and even physical collapse.(Cottrell, 101) Toxic psychosis, delusional thinking and even death can also occur. long-run heavy use of amphetamines can lead to malnutrition, skin disorders, ulcers, and various diseases t hat come from vitamin deficiencies.(Cottrell, 101) Lack of sleep,weight loss, and depression also result from regular use. When people resign using amphetamines abruptly, they may experience fatigue, long periods of sleep, irritability, extreme hunger and depression.(Cottrell, 101) The length and severity of the depression seems to be related to how much and how often the amphetamines were used.(Cottrell, 101)Another common ingredient that is chemically related to theamphetamine, is Phenylpropanolamine (PPA), the only FDA-approvedover-the-counter weight loss drug.(Cottrell, 100) PPA, the active ingredient in Dexatrim, Acutrim, and most other diet aids, acts on the appetite center in the brain, the hypothalamus, reducing the desire to eat.

Philosophy Statement :: Educational Teaching Teachers Essays

Philosophy Statement Education is one of the most important jobs I confide one can do because children drive what they need to succeed in life, along with responsibility, people skills, and leadership. I cannot imagine a job I would be more passionate doing other than teaching, especially since I love children. I want my classroom to be very exuberant and lively. I want to have paintings on the walls, along with educational and motivational posters. My bulletin come on will be changed monthly. It will have a place to display students work, and a place to recognize students when they have their birthday. My bulletin board will be very colorful and fun. I will seat my students in either alphabetical order or in a boy-girl arrangement. Students cannot accept their own desks at such young ages because they will sit by their friends and talk all the time. I want to use desks rather than tables because I believe students need their own personal space to work and lea rn. Any projects that my students do I will display around the room before they can consume them home. I want them to be proud of their work and have everyone in the class see how everyone does things differently. Projects that they do might be art or learning projects. I would like them to have an art center, and a hands-on science center to do these projects in. I too want them to have a instruction center that they can go to and read a book in peace. While I will have library books for them to choose from, I also want to have encyclopedias. Last but not least I would like to have a applied science center. I want to have at least 2 computers, with Internet access, that my students can use for a certain amount of time each day. I believe that with all the advances in technology it is important that students learn how to use a computer, and the Internet. My classroom will be run in an authoritarian manner. I will demand respect from my students, and in re turn I will give them respect.

The Conflict over the Star Wars Defense System :: essays papers

The Conflict over the Star Wars Defense System Presently, the threat of missiles is very dangerous. The missilesinclude biological, chemical, and of course, nuclear missiles. Ournation, the US, is one and only(a) of the richest and most powerful nations on theworld. Since we atomic number 18 so strong, many countries threaten us and endangerthe citizens. Lately, a system called the Star Wars SDI wasinitialized during the Reagan Administration. The system involveslasers that will pip-squeak the chips in missiles. That will cause themissile to stop in its flight and not detonate. Now, it is beingresearched again. But even though the Star Wars system seems flawless,it shouldnt be employed. The system uses up a huge sum of money. Itwill cost about $1 trillion to set it up. Regular ground-based missiledefenses are almost 10 times cheaper. The nation should protect itscitizens with all their money, but the Star Wars system was nevertested. The lasers have been use many time s in laboratories, but thewhole assemblage can malfunction before we even try it. People should slam what type of defense system is protecting them and should know ifit will defend them fully. The countrys taxes pay for the system, butsome people may not want the money they pay to be used for violentreasons. While we are making the strongest weapons we could, thenation can do better things that will help not only us but the world. besides many weapons will cause us to get greedy and too powerful. Many some other countries despise us. Countries like Russia, China, and evensmall ones like northwestern Korea are powerful and the US doesnt have reallygood relations with them. They may be stalwart, but they still wantour technology and power. some of the countries are not as wealthy asus. Some are also hostile. They wish to obtain our weaponry. If wedo employ the SW system, it may enchant international peace treatiesbecause we might build the weapon without their consent. Al ready, theUS is involved in battles between countries like Iraq and Yugoslavia.The system can worsen our relations with other countries. The dangerfrom those hostile countries is near. They may prepare to bomb ussince they loathe us. Nuclear missiles can be launched at our capitaland major cities any second gear without us knowing it. The only thing isthat the countries dont have missiles that will travel this far.

The Human Genome Project :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Human Genome ProjectWith technology increasing daily in our modern society, we have to wonder what will come of all of the recent studies and large research projects that have involved genetics. After recently reading two articles, I have been able to formulate some of my own predictions of whats to come.In Lisa Sowle Cahills article, The genome project more than a medical milestone she tells us in a concise manner, the history of the Human Genome Project.The Human Genome (H.G. P.) began in 1990 as an international consortium of scientific terms. It planned to map systematically the entire human genome by the year 2005 on a budget of $3 billion. The major supporters of the H.G. P. atomic number 18 the Wellcome Trust, a large medical charity in the United Kingdom, and the U.S. federal governments National Institute of Health. The H.G.P.s leaders are the N.I.H.s James D. Watson, his successor Francis S. Collins, and John. E Sulston, director of the Sanger Center in Cambridge, E ngland. They have made it a point of seeking out international collaborators. These hold experts in Germany, France, Japan, and China, all of whom have made important contributions to the recent success of the project. A quick history it whitethorn be, but it is an extremely important one. As you can tell by the date of its beginning, the Human Genome Project is not very old by scientific standards, yet even though it may seem to be very young, the developments that have been made since its creation have been quite impressive. Personalized medicine is not very far away. This will nasty that there will be drugs tailored to the individual genetic makeup of the patient, thus enhancing the effectiveness of treatments for ailments like cancer, heart disease and some forms of mental complaint (Cahill). Someday, we will most likely be able to intervene in germ cell or embryos to remove or change a gene (Cahill). Issues of confidentiality and social control take these q uestions a step further, into economic and political realms, referring to whether or not genetic information will be completely underground or available to others such as family members, insurance agencies, and even employers (Cahill) This last issue brings me to the next article that I read.In Jeffrey Klugers, Who owns our genes?

The Human Genome Project :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Human Genome ProjectWith technology increasing daily in our modern society, we have to interrogate what will come of all of the recent studies and large-scale research projects that have involved genetics. After recently reading two conditions, I have been adapted to formulate some of my own predictions of whats to come.In Lisa Sowle Cahills article, The genome project more than a medical milestone she tells us in a neat manner, the muniment of the Human Genome Project.The Human Genome (H.G. P.) began in 1990 as an international consortium of scientific terms. It planned to map systematically the entire human genome by the social class 2005 on a budget of $3 billion. The major supporters of the H.G. P. are the Wellcome Trust, a large medical charity in the United Kingdom, and the U.S. federal governments National Institute of Health. The H.G.P.s leaders are the N.I.H.s James D. Watson, his successor Francis S. Collins, and John. E Sulston, director of the Sanger Center in Cambridge, England. They have made it a point of seeking out international collaborators. These include experts in Germany, France, Japan, and China, all of whom have made important contributions to the recent success of the project. A quick history it may be, but it is an extremely important one. As you can tell by the date of its beginning, the Human Genome Project is not very old by scientific standards, yet even though it may seem to be very young, the developments that have been made since its creation have been quite impressive. Personalized euphony is not very far away. This will mean that there will be drugs tailored to the individual genetic makeup of the patient, thus enhancing the effectiveness of treatments for ailments alike cancer, heart disease and some forms of mental illness (Cahill). Someday, we will most likely be able to intervene in germ cell or embryos to remove or change a gene (Cahill). Issues of confidentiality and social control take the se questions a step further, into economic and political realms, referring to whether or not genetic information will be completely private or available to others such as family members, insurance agencies, and even employers (Cahill) This last issue brings me to the next article that I read.In Jeffrey Klugers, Who owns our genes?

Crime Are Positivist Criminology Essay

Positive Criminology, an flack which attempts to explain criminal actions non as an exercise of allow will or of ones choosing, but rather as a consequence of multiple diverse internal and external. Cesare Lombroso (1835 1909), an Italian criminologist views that criminals are born not made, and criminal an example of nature, not nurture. Focused on biological and psychological factors to explain criminal behavior, and studied cadavers of executed criminals in an effort to determine scientifically whether criminals were physically any different from non-criminals, he believed that people were born criminals and facial features of criminals included things give care enormous jaws and strong dogtooth violet teeth. Atavism In the 1960s, positivist criminologists argued that criminal behaviour lies in ab pattern chromosomes, the XYY theory argued that violent male (genes)criminals have an abnormal XYY (super male) chromosome (XY is the normal pattern in males) The Positivist theor y of criminals being born rather than made died out, and there were moral implications with this.Classical criminology is an approach to the legal system that arose during the Enlightenment in the 1700s. Philosophers like Cesare Beccaria, John Locke, and Jeremy Bentham expanded upon cordial contract theory to explain why people commit execration and how societies could effectively combat annoyance. The concepts continue to play a large role in the legal systems of many nations today, although the approach in the modern world tends to be a bit more flexible. It is important to see to it the context in which classical criminology was turn outed. During the Enlightenment, Europe was changing radically, with many nations emerging from feudal monarchies and radically reforming their laws. Across Europe, the law was wildly inconsistent and applied charge more inconsistently. Judges and other legal officials often lacked extensive training, and prescribed punishments totally out of p roportion to some crimes while ignoring others.Many people recognize theneed for a more uniform and effective justice system, and this approach was the result. According to the theorists, human beings are self-interested animals, but they are also extremely rational. plot people will tend to do things that are in their own self interest, they also understand that some actions actually conflict with this, and many societies develop a social contract that dictates human behavior, with humans mutually agreeing to refrain from activities that hurt each other or confederation. People also have free will, which means that they can opt to violate the social contract. For example, someone might steal or murder to accomplish a self-interested goal. By having consistent punishments in place that are proportional to the crime and applied quickly, classical criminologists argue, the legal system will create deterrents to crime.Rather than committing a crime with a story of uncertainty abou t the punishment, people in a nation with a clear and concise legal system will be well conscious of the consequences of violating the law and the social contract, and they may think twice before committing crime. One of the big problems with classical criminology is that it does not allow for extenuating circumstances. Someone who robs a blood line for profit is treated exactly the same as someone who robs a business in order to eat, and some people feel that this is inhumane. Others feel that the confidence of free will is also somewhat questionable, as people may be forced into making decisions as a result of their circumstances or socioeconomic class.Sociological criminology is the largest number of criminological theories have been developed through sociological inquiry. These theories have generally asserted that criminal behavior is a normal response of biologically and psychologically normal individuals to particular kinds of social circumstances. Examples of these approa ches include the theory of differential association, which claims that all criminal behavior is learned and that the learning put to work is influenced by the extent of the individuals contact with persons who commit crimes. The more an individual associates with such persons, the more likely it becomes that he will learn and acquire criminal values and behaviors.Sociological criminology include the following theoriesSocial Disorganization(Chicago School) is identified with neighborhood studies of crime and viciousness that focus particularly on the spatial patterns of such behavior, especially as reflected in maps of their spatial distributions. It assumes crime as a product of geopolitical environmental, or call as urban ecology(by Park and Burgess). The rapid social changes (e.g. population growth, rapid immigration or migration) causes the breakdown of normative structure or community, the left-alone youngsters becomes the delinquent subcultures, the crime is the transitiona l neighborhoods that manifest social disorganization and value conflict. And the urban ecology urban cities can be compartmentalize in five zones, from centre to outside are 1.Central Business District 2.Transitional regularise 3.Working Class Zone 4.Residental Zone and 5.Commuter Zone, and the crime and social problems are usually happened in Zone 2, which is contained many recent immigrant groups, deteriorated housing, factories and abandoned buildings. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) melodic line hypothesis is a sociological theory that tries to explain why people may be drawn to delinquency or crime. According to the theory, some crime may be linked to the presence of anger and frustration that is created by societal or face-to-face strain. When a person cannot legitimately achieve the original goals of a society, he or she may turn to illicit means to create success. Three of the fundamental goals that contribute to strain-related crime are the pursuit of wealth, acquireme nt of status and respect, and the need for autonomy. Sometimes is known as American Dream. Peoples see crime as a function of relative deprivation, and the theory assumes that the social structure as the source of crime. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Subculture Theory is that human behavior is learned via social interaction, most of the delinquency/ crime is learnt by exposing to anti-social definitions or becoming part of a group were delinquency is already established. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2)Drift Theory is telling that human beings will look crime in conformist, give excuse to make the crime become reasonable and not as an illegal action, individual drift in/ out of delinquency by neutralization(e.g. denial). (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Social Control Theories tells that there is a non-pathological relationship between a criminal and anon-criminal, delinquent act delinquent to a weak or the broken of social bond (attachment, commitment, involvement, belief) to c onventional significant reference groups (e.g. family, school) causes the less reluctant to commit crime. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Labeling Theory assumes that individuals would be influenced by stigmatization, crime/ deviance as a result of labeling / stereotyping, a Primary deviance (yet to be labeled) will be reinforced by limited opportunities and self-fulfilling prophecy, and then to become a Secondary deviance (subsequent behavior according to the lable given). (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Critical Criminology is telling that the source of conflicts at bottom the society is the political interest and inequality (capitalist vs working class), base on this assumption, the criminal law seems only a protection of the dominance, and the crime defined by the powerful. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2)Environmental Criminology is including four main theories which are Jane Jacobss compartmentalization Oscar Newmans defensible space Rational Choice Theory(RCT) and Routine Activity Theory(RAT). Jane Jacobss Compartmentalization is a modern design change lead to breakdown of social control hence lead to crime, compartmentalization of urban space into different zones lead to breakdown of social control (e.g. deficient social interaction, unattended areas )hence lead to crime, the application of compartmentalization theory is to change the acres use,(e.g. mixing land use) , or affix earnest for unattended areas. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Oscar Newmans defensible space is similarly to Jane Jacobss theory, but focus more on building design or location, for example on these main points1.Territoriality, 2.Surveillance, 3.Image, 4.Envirnment, the theory thinks that the factors of the high crime rate is because anonymous open public space, many corridors and exits, insufficient lighting, location next to bad areas, etc, which is a bad design in the building or locations. To solve these problems , Oscar Newman suggest a thinking is call execration p revention through environmental design(CPTED). (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Rational Choice Theory(RCT) emphasize the crime opportunity, offenders which is rationally weigh information on their personal needs and situational factors involved in the difficult and risk of committing a crime which is gain greater than lose. It will become easier to reduce crime byincrease the risk of the offenders and reduce the opportunity of the offenders to commit crime. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2) Routine Activity Theory(RAT) emphasize social context, it thinks that crime is a function of 1.motivated offender, 2.availability of suitable fundament and 3.absence of capable guardians. In this theory, assumed that motivated offender can not be change, we have to reduce availability of suitable target and increase warrantor measures to reduce crime. (OUHK, 2013, tutorial 2, unit 2)As a result, Environmental Criminology is the most practical approach to the security manager, consider the Posit ive Criminology is the theory that criminals are born, and which their biological problems makes them to commit crime, a security manager can not control the customers biological problems and how they are born, so this Positive Criminology is not a suitable approach a security manager to use the Classical Perspective suggested that the greater punishment sequel, the less crime will be, but as a security manager, when they detected crime happen, they can only refer the crime to the legal system and the security manager do not have to right to issue any punishment to the criminals the Sociological Criminology is telling that criminals are infect by the social structure, economic, social interactions, which are the factors that a security manager can not control any of them, the Environmental Criminology suggested that Crime prevention through environmental design(CPTED), which a security manager can change the design of a thieve furnishings, or a plaza settings that can reduce avail ability of suitable target in the shop or plaza and increase security measures inside to reduce crime happen in a security manager control area.References ListThe Open University of Hong Kong (2013). LESM A204 tutorial 2 Criminology for the security manager (unit 2). Hong Kong OUHK http//global.britannica.com/EBchecked/ bailiwick/143163/criminology/272204/Sociological-theories http//psychologydictionary.org/positivist-criminology/http//sociologycriminology.wordpress.com/positive-theory-positivism/ http//www.wisegeek.org/what-is-classical-criminology.htm

Us/101 Introduction to University Studies

US/101 Introduction to University Studies Policies and Resources Quiz 2 1) If the University servers atomic number 18 down, how will you ensure your assignments are submitted on time? a. buck a copy of the assignment to your inbox or alternate email address as proof that I have attempted to post the assignment on time. In my email, I mustiness state that I was unable to connect to the University of Phoenix server. I must then upload the assignment via the Assignments Link at my earliest opportunity. ) What is expected of students relative to the professionalism (formatting, spelling, proofreading, meeting assignment word-count, etc. ) of their work? b. All work is expected to be professionally presented all indite assignments must be carefully proofread and spell-checked before submitting. All assignments are to be submitted as MS Word documents, Writing in complete sentences. Ensuring that topic sentences are used to organize the document content. Adjusting margins and columns, so the document fits on the page (left to right) when viewed at 100%.Using a black, standard font face and size, either measure New Roman 12pt or Arial 12pt. The word count guideline is usually given as a range of 150 to 300 words. 3) What resources are on tap(predicate) to help students with writing, formatting standards, grammar, punctuation, etc.? c. The Center for Writing Excellence is available to help me with writing, formatting standards, grammar and punctuation. 4) What are the most important points brought out in the Universitys Policies regarding Academic Integrity? d.I am required to post a signed copy of the Certificate of Originality available in our Course Materials forum for all scripted assignments. The University places a high priority on maintaining Academic Integrity and ensuring that proper credit is being given for others words and ideas used in the development of my written assignments if an idea or words did not come from my own brain, then those are the id eas of others and they must be cited and referenced. This includes information taken from the textbook.No more than 15% of my written work, whether copied, quoted or paraphrased, should be taken from outside sources at any time 5) What must students do to ensure they are in attendance each week? e. Complete discussions questions and participate in class. My participation is evaluate separately from my discussion question responses to the initial three out of five discussion questions. Participation is graded on the total number of substantive responses you make to your classmates and whether or not at least 2 substantive responses were posted on each of 4 different days of the week.

If Dory Had Gone Against Maria’s Wishes Essay

Jack would respond in the affirmative and then, according to Dory, the bed would squeak. Emma wanted to believe that she was supporting in a fairy-tale and she so she did, refusing to let anyone tell her otherwise. Mrs. Robinson tried to tell Emma that her husband was being unfaithful, and Emma refused to believe. Though Emma had all right not to believe Mrs. Robinson, the feature still remained that Mrs. Robinson was unable to convince Emma of Jacks infidelity. If Mrs.Robinson could not convince Emma that all was not right in her relationship with her husband, how would Dory, an eight year grizzly girl who did not fully represent the workings of the adult world, be able to convince Emma that Jack was being unfaithful. Emma would contrive told Dory that she did not understand what she was talking about, and demand to know where she had received her information. When Dory had revealed her source, which she undoubtedly would because of her love for Emma and need to please her, Emm a would no doubt be possessed of confronted Mrs. Robinson. That confrontation would only have put the altercation between Emma and Mrs.Robinson at a different setting. Emma would still have refused to believe that she was not the only woman in Jack Yorks life. Mrs. Robinson would still have set up the chance meeting among Emma, Jack and the lady at the train station. Emma would still have reacted the way she did, and would still have died. It is therefore safe for me to say, that based on my analysis of the short story, Emma, as well as looking at the most likely outcomes for a lissome change in the plot of the story, if Dory had told her mother about the lady at the train station, the outcome of the story would have probably been the same.

Nietzsche: Virtues/Life/Morality Essay

Nietzsche was a unique philosopher that had some very interesting ideas about peoples human value and personality types. In the following passage from Nietzsche, ?. this is the image of all life, and from this learn the meaning of your life And conversely Read only your own life, and from this understand the hieroglyphs of usual life According to Nietzsche, I speak out he defines that all morality is a manifestation of the will to power. People stress independence, personal dignity, self-approval and the will to succeed.For much(prenominal)(prenominal) people good refers to whatever leads to self-fulfillment with values such as strength, courage, power and pride. This appeals to those who are uncertain of themselves. They define good as what makes life easier/safer, with such qualities as patience, humility, modesty and compassion. I agree and disagree with Nietzsche. He helps me understand my own life, in that I agree with the will to power. I am supporting proof. I want to be in charge of my future. I have goals in every aspect of my life that I want to fulfill, and without these goals there would be no motivation for life.Artists wouldnt want to be artists, scientists wouldnt care about science, and people wouldnt care about themselves. I also think we need certain virtues in order to succeed in fulfilling the goals set forth by the will to power. Patience, modesty, charity and compassion are some of the virtues that Nietzsche believes to be sour grapes. The moral that I think is sour is people who are not independent, look at others to follow, and that lack self respect. I believe that virtues such as personal power, strength, courage, pride, independence, and compassion, makes a person complete.However, this is reality and in reality you can have these virtues and at the same time stray from what you believe in. I think the key to life is to drive who you are and to be happy. In todays society, it seems there are too many people who do not know who they are. People tend to follow the group, dress how everyone else dresses and listen to the same music everyone else listens too. This to me is weak. The real root to power is within yourself. life sentence isnt as cut and dry as Nietzsche suggests. Life is too complex and the mind is a mysterious thing.Although the qualities and virtues talked about are ideal, I attentiveness it was that simple to apply to a person. I think the persons surroundings, and any influences the person has had in their life plays a role. Unfortunately the environment plays a large part in the development in a person. However, I think its never too late for a person to change or find him or herself. In conclusion, Nietzsches philosophy really allows me to understand the meaning of life. Nietzsche did not believe in equality. It seems he rejected equality because he believed in the importance of individualism. Nietzsche gives me a good reason for life/existence.

Leasing Research Paper Essay

A employ is a contract written between two people hotshot of whom is the proprietor of a property lending it to another party who uses it and gives financial compensation for the exchange. in that respect ar many different types of convey arrangements for property. They include full service, net, percentage, and vernacular leases (Lank, 2003).To begin with, full service lease is mostly used by tenants who use multi-tenant office buildings where the landlord provides all essential go to his or her lessee (Kennedy, 2005). Such landlord-provided services include water as well as security.Another kind of lease is the gross lease whereby the tenant pays for the gross rent still the landlord pays for the maintenance, insurance, and in any case the property bes (Steingold & Steingold, 2010). Conversely, the net lease is implemented whereby the tenant takes responsibility for all expenses and amenities which he or she needs to use in the tally of his or her business (Peca, 2009). On the other hand, percentage lease plays out when the tenant pays a percentage of the gross revenue (Tamper, 2002). Further, when calculating the gross revenue, hotshot has to deduct all the items that might overstate unrivaleds revenue, for example, items that whitethorn overstate sales.There are other lease terms which need to be taken into consideration when entering into a contract related to a lease property. They include lease hold improvements which, if overlooked, can ultimately be originally expensive. Knowledge of these issues ensures that the landlord makes any necessary renovations or else leave it open for the tenant to improve for himself or herself, as per certain guidelines and restrictions. In addition, the lease length matters since the period depends on the landlord, all the amenities offered, as well as the tenant.The advantages of leasing building, medical equipment, and office furniture and equipment include Flexibility, when we lease a building, there is room to move to another expanse which suits our provision of medical services to the people. This arrangement can enable us to shift our services to a place where we can memory access more customers than if we built it in a place where there is low demand for our services.Moreover, there are few responsibilities attached to the management since most of the responsibilities are passed onto the land lords, thus increasing the turnover. Conversely, there is less impose paperwork since the income tax will be simpler to file. This is because building owners normally pass real many forms to get hold of which will not be present in leasing.When we want to run the business without affecting the cash flow, it will be more beneficial to keep abreast the cash flow by leasing equipment rather than buying them since high initial capital is required to purchase the medical equipment. Further, when we lease equipment, it helps to maintain and build a strong credit background which helps t o expand the working capital through smaller initial enthronement (Haight & Singer, 2005). Further, such an initiative helps in reduction of tax since one does not pay tax on the leased properties. In turn, this helps the business to regain money spent on regular expenses which are familiarised to increase credits and deductions.Lease of property allows business operators to satisfy the business needs on the allotted budget which is more flexible than when purchasing a commodity. Leasing agents always try to please their customers and thus always offer nurtures. The initial capital of upgrading your equipment is therefore highly minimized since one does not purchase them but the leasing agent improves his equipment. This allows one to use improved equipment. The cost of purchasing equipment is spread over a long period of time. After leasing the equipment, it is still owned by the leassor thus one has security of their money, therefore making one to have a credit check pass rather than other forms of finance. A lease contract is always fixed, therefore making it easier to budget.The major disadvantages of leasing property are that there is no ownership of property or equipment. One cannot thus upgrade his or her equipment to improve the performance of ones office. If the equipment becomes outdated, one cannot sell or discard them without paying much money so as to scrape the contract. The purchase of the equipment may be very hard since it may be difficult to arrange for the purchase which is not simple. Rather, arranging for the purchase of the mostly very expensive items is easier. Sometimes it becomes a long-term expense, although it saves one from paying a large sum of money at once.This is clearly seen when one uses the standard lease wherein one pays for the cost of purchase with the charges of the leasing company. After a leasing period expires, one has to continue paying rent so as to use the equipment. The money one pays for an equipment is thus co nsiderably more than the actual marked price of the product. Although one has not purchased the product, he or she has to maintain and repair it. If one lacks trained personnel, it may prove to be very expensive when a major repair is required, thus increasing the monthly payments (Perlis & Bradley, 2004).A lease has a high lodge in cost because the lessor makes returns from the leased products, implicating that they get high returns thus making their firm more qualified to borrow so as to purchase other assets. There is lack of the recovery value of the product if one needs to purchase the product. This is evident in products which depreciate in value. There is also difficulty in improving the products. This is because one is prohibited to make improvements on the products without the owners approval.It makes it hard to put finances on the leased property, thus making the loaner the security to improve the product. If a product becomes outdated, one continues to pay for it till t he lease period is over and even continues to use it even if it increases the production cost of ones products. There are other expenses which follow if the owner had not paid for them, for example, one has to insure property if the owner had not insured.If you have to purchase a property, you lack background information about it unless a nearby neighbor sells to you, a situation which makes many leases to be inflexible (Boiron & Boiron, 008). When one wants to purchase a product, the market is usually untested to the resold product. There is also depreciation of the asset value before the end of the lease period.When it comes to selling of the companies proposition office, it is a very bad idea to sell and lease it again as this can cause a lot of damages to the companys outlook if the owner decides not to lease it back. Further, we have to go and search for another to lease. If we decide to get any mortgage loan, we shall lack property to back up us in securing a loan which can help us run the business. The advantage of selling the head office is that we can shift to an area with high market for our services.ReferencesBoiron. P. & Boiron, C. (2008). Commercial real estate investing in Canada The complete reference for real estate. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley and Sons.Haight, G. T. & Singer, D. (2005). The real estate investment handbook. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley and Sons.Kennedy, J. (2005). The small business owners manual Everything you need to know to start up and run your business. Career Press.Lank, E. (2003). Modern real estate practice in New York For salespersons and brokers. La Crosse, WI Dearborn Real Estate.Peca, S. P. (2009). Real estate development and investment A comprehensive approach. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley and Sons.Perlis, A. & Bradley, B. (2004). The informal guide to buying a home. Hoboken, NJ John Wiley and Sons.Steingold, F. S. & Steingold, F. (2010). Legal forms for starting & running a small business. Berkeley, California Nolo.Tamper, R. ( 2002). Mastering real estate mathematics. La Crosse, WI Dearborn Real Estate.

Developments in the travel and tourism industry

Select two recent or current developments in the croak and tourism industry and explain how these developments have affected go opportunities and occupation roles within the industry.In this first part of the question, I leave talk about how technology has affected careers and job roles within the break down & tourism industry. technology has been the biggest development on the travel & tourism industry within the last ten years. It has allowed many companies to offer improved service to customers and help with the start up of many other businesses. Computers have been used for many years especially within the airline industry for tasks such as check in and ATC (Air commerce Control), but now computers are being used in travel agents and tour operators. This could have affect on jobs, as computerisation volition chasten to slight paper work. Computers are also used to access the Internet and customers are seeing the benefits of using this method of booking. Online booking also cuts out paying the travel agent commission prices are also generally lower on the Internet.A new type of travel agent is appearing on the Internet, which specialises in e-commerce (electronic business) and example of this type of organisation is Expedia. Organisations such as this stinkpot be used to book all the principles of a holiday in one place. This also affects jobs, as only two or three people provide need to be employed to ensure the systems work properly. This could affect many travel agents some have already closed, as they cannot compete with the competition that is being given from online organisations. Some companies may choose to integrate, but this can also lead to a loss in jobs, as the amount of staff required maybe lower.As I mentioned previously, computers have been used in the airline and airdrome sector for many years. Airlines now use computers in a different way. Thanks to the advances in technology, passengers can now check in using a kiosk within the terminal building and at Waterloo Station, London, when travelling with British Airways. It is also possible to check in online 24 hours before a public life departure. The introduction of check in kiosks will inevitably mean that fewer customer service agents will be required. Not all development within the industry will lead to loss of jobs one example of this is Terminal 5 at Heathrow Airport. More staff will be employed when British Airways moves all of its flights and services from Terminal 1 & 4 to Terminal 5. More staff will be employed to work within shops, stations and facilities that will be available to customers when the terminal opens in 2008.Aircraft are also becoming more technologically advanced, two of the world biggest aircraft manufactures, Boeing and Airbus are developing new aircraft that will changed the way passengers travel. The Airbus A380 will become the largest civil aircraft in the world and will have a maximum captivity will be 840 passengers. Singa pore Airlines among others will be modifying the cabin to included bars, shops and gyms that will require staff to attend and maintain while in the air. There will be more career opportunities such as cabin crew and aircraft pilot when the new aircraft are introduced into service. An extension of aircraft is the possibility of lacuna travel. Staff that will be employed for space travel will have to be trained to a higher level of health and safety and will be specialised in the working(a) of and running of the craft.Visitor attractions have been using technology to their advantage. The safety of rides in theme parks can closely be monitored with computers, if a hazard occurs it can be located quickly and action can be taken. This will reduced the amount of mechanics needed to look after the rides. Technology has also allowed rides to have a higher thrill factor without compromising the safety of riders. Thorpe Park is the first theme park in the world to have a ten-loop roller coa ster. It is kept safe with the use of computers, so that the ride operators can ensure high levels of safety.

Psychoanalytic, Neoanalytic, Jungian, and Individual Psychology Theory Essay

Nowadays, people begin to understand that the knowledge of forgiving psychology plays a neat role in the anyday life. It means that basic understanding of unlike psychological concepts gives a key to the apprehension of the inner world of every person. Today, in that location are more theories that help to determine the temper of every thickening and find solutions for every problem.One of such theories is the psychoanalysis. It lies in the researches of the human minds and the principles of its working. Main theorists, S. Freud and J. Breuer, emphasized the role of the puerility memories in explaining of contrary fears and psychological problems of the clients. In fact, S. Freud singled out three components of a human mind. They are id, ego, and superego. The Id is that dissipate of the personality, on which the instinctual drives and needs have a great squeeze. This sentiment is very unstable and dynamic. In other words, it is unmanageable as it is ready to satisfy all d emands and avoid pain and problems in any way.Therefore, in that respect is the other element called ego. It deals with the realistic purposes and tries to slow down the impulsiveness of the id. Ego balances between the born(p) drives and realistic principles trying to achieve as many benefits as possible. However, there is a third element superego. It deals with the morality principles. In fact, superego makes instinctive needs and drives reflect in the socially accepted ways. Morality principles and social laws limit the psyches desires to satisfy basic needs (Masling, 1990).The other basic key term of this theory is the concept of unconscious. Individuals are not aware of the existence of this aspect of personality. However, it rules humans emotions, feelings, thoughts, and deeds. The exploration of the unconscious gives reasons of different psychological problems of the clients. From this point of view, psychoanalysts based their therapy. Therapists usually use such methods of researches as free tie-up, dream analysis, and even up hypnosis. These ways help to revealthe reason for any psychological disorders. The role of the patients remains rather passive. Their task is to recollect different memories and dreams from their childhood, which had a great impact on them.Among the advantages of the psychoanalytical theory, one can name its possibility to uncover psychological problems with the help of the childhood memories and events. Moreover, it explained the role of the unconscious in the personality structure. In addition, this theory helped to reveal the defense mechanisms, which explain why individuals behave differently in the similar situations. However, the theory pays no attention to the role of the surroundings, culture, and the social primer coat of the clients. It is also more concerned about the treatment of pathologies rather than minor deviations.Psychoanalytical theory had a great impact on the further using of psychology. As a result, there emerged a neo-analytic theory. Generally, it follows the studying of S. Freud. However, there are some huge differences. Neo-analytic theorists, A. Freud, A. Adler, and K. Horney agreed on the grandness of the unconscious and the role of the instinctive drives and needs. However, they do not emphasize so much on the sexual and aggressive instincts as Freud did. Moreover, neo-analysts believed that not only childhood events influence the psycho-state of an individual. They consider personality development never to end and continue throughout the whole life. In addition, they paid attention to the role of the environment and social conditions in the life of the individuals. such a position helped them to look at the psychological problem of clients from different points of view and analyze various reasons.Therapists focus their attention on the use of association method and the exploration of dreams and recollections. They are concerned about the treatment of both simple devia tions and difficult psycho-disorders. Clients have to be attentive and take an active part in the process of treatment. Speaking about the negative sides of the neo-analytic theory, it had little empirical data and overestimated the role of the ego in the personality structure.Later, Carl Jung has formed his own psychological school. In this case, one calls it a Jungian theory. In general, the studies of Jung have a strong connection with the main concepts of the psychoanalytical theory. In his turn, Jung introduced the concept of the collective unconscious, which contains different archetypes. Under the definition of the archetype, he understood the inherited principles, which determine human perception of the world in a certain way. The collective unconscious includes different memories and ideas that are a part of the biological heritage. The therapy of C. Jung based its attention on the discussion of dreams and fantasies. During the therapy work, the client plays an active role. As a result, both therapist, and a client combine his or her efforts in order to achieve a desirable result. Such a position is very fruitful as clients understand the importance and can change the course of the events on their own (Wilde, 2011).Alfred Adler suggested his individual theory. It was much different from the S. Freuds concepts. Adler did not emphasize the role of sexual and aggressive instincts. Instead, he overestimates the social background and the concept of interiority. He supposed that each person is born with the sense of interiority (Adler, 2011). Therefore, the main task and drive in the life of every individual is to achieve superiority. A person derives from the social principles and the surroundings and forms the character according to it. Speaking about the clients, Adler focused attention on the problem of detested children, different deviations, and deformities at birth and others. However, the drawback in his theory is that superiority receiving does no t always mean mental health.To sum up, the psychoanalytical theories and its followers explored the nature of human personality. They tried to solve the psycho-disorders by revealing the structure of the unconscious. Theorists emphasized the role of the natural instincts and drives and tried to solve psycho-deviations with the help of recollection of the past events and memories.ReferencesAdler, A. (2011). _The practice and theory of individual psychology._ Eastford Martino Publishing.Masling, J. (1990). _Empirical studies of psychoanalytical theories volume 3._ London Routledge.Wilde, D. J. (2011). _Jungs personality theory quantified._ Berlin Springer.

Motivation And Hate Groups

I think there should be a very soundly reason as to what motivates mickle to colligate such organizations. I dont believe in hating something or someone that much to want to destroy it. Personally, in my opinion, people in hate groups, such as the ASK, are racist beings with no life whatsoever. These people seem so ignorant they might not even have a very good reason to have Joined a hate group. The ASK lost very many of its members later people started realizing how stupid and ignorant the organization was. I cant think of much that could motivate people these old age to be a part of a hate group.After African Americans gained their freedom, some people were outraged and shock and with such a big change, I think they were motivated to Join the hate group. But right off in 2014, theres nothing that these people, whatever ethnicity, race, or religion they are, did to the members of the hate group, so theres no reason to externalise fury onto Portia 2 them. Everybody Is differe nt, whether theyre different beca engross of their race, religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. For example, not everybody Is fond of gays.Not long ago, Arizona legislature has passed a controversial airman that would give business owners permission to deny service to gay and sapphic costumers. In my opinion, the bill is ridiculous, but It bonny goes to show how people who actually take advantage of the bill are dumb-minded. How could people be so Ignorant? I squiffy, what did these people ever do to you? I dont think I will ever hate anything so much as to Join a hate group. Sure, there are some things I dont like, Like people being mean or bullying ACH other, but I dont think Id ever stoop to such a low direct to Join a hate group, Like the ASK.I would never hurt or put someone In danger because I didnt Like his or her race or religion. In my pollen Its hostile to propose fierceness to stop something you hate or dislike. People hate things so much that sometimes they c ommit to use violence to try to stop It and get rid of It. They Join groups that agitate and practice hatred and violence towards members of a different race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation and any other things that make people differ from each(prenominal) other. One of these hate groups Is the UK Klux Klan, or also known as the ASK.People Join these groups out of racism and Ignorance, because there Is no rational explanation as to why they do so. Motivation And Hate Groups By wuss Everybody is different, whether theyre different because of their race, religion, ethnicity, or sexual orientation. For example, not everybody is fond of gays. Not long bill is ridiculous, but it Just goes to show how people who actually take advantage of the bill are dumb-minded. How could people be so ignorant? I mean, what did these group.Sure, there are some things I dont like, like people being mean or bullying each other, but I dont think Id ever stoop to such a low level to Join a hate group, like the ASK. I would never hurt or put someone in danger because I didnt like his or her race or religion. In my opinion its hostile to propose violence to stop something you stop it and get rid of it. They Join groups that promote and practice hatred and groups is the UK Klux Klan, or also known as the ASK. People Join these groups out of racism and ignorance, because there is no rational explanation as to why they do so.

Informatie Management

Does Tele subject field development racyness? Assignment 2 The proposition knight knight bachelor Thesis Does Tele give increment tillableness Erasmus University Rotterdam Boudewijn Schuitmaker348393bs Robin Kettenes335450rk Marlot folk 337273ms Bachelor Thesis Does Tele tap growing productiveness Erasmus University Rotterdam team Group 6 (BA-02-06) Assignment soma 9 Date 13-06-2012 Disclaimer This document is written by Marlot Sep, Robin Kettenes and Boudewijn Schuitmaker, who decl be that each of them takes responsibility for the full contents of the whole document.We decl ar that the text and the cut back presented in this document is original and that zero(prenominal)ources opposite than menti integrityd in the text and its references need been utilise in creating it. RSM is however responsible for supervision of completion of the work but not for the contents. Index Summary of the inquiry proposal4 1. Preface6 2. gazump7 3. Introduction8 4. Literature review12 5. Methods17 6. Results19 7. Discussion26 Appendix28 Bibliography35 * Summary of the look proposal In this chapter a compact of the enquiry proposal gutter be constitute. Summary number instructor Dhr. Nick van der Meulen Team number 6 see student 1 Robin KettenesName student 2 Boudewijn Schuitmaker Name student 3 Marlot Sep Proposition Telework evanesce cut to an increase in productiveness Focal unit Employees who per ricochet their work at other places than at the authority itself, for at least 1 day a calendar calendar week Theoretical do main(prenominal) All employees who work at other places than at the mail itself, for at least champion day a week, in the Netherlands. C oncept 1 Telework Concept 2 Employees Productivity font of congeneric Causal Minimum size of the arrange for having jitneyial relevance The minimal size of feat for having busial relevance is 20 % increase of productiveness. Typical parameter of work size used in previous discharge s Items scales struggle in productiveness elbow room is used among teleworkers and non-teleworkers. Range of rig sizes obtained in the replication history In the replication history on average an number of productiveness increase of 20% is mensural by tele substitution. (Newman, 1989), (Dubrin, 1991) and (Hartman, 1992) Preferred inquiry system Longitudinal descry Actual investigate strategy Considering the inquiry time ( 2 months time) and the context of this research (a Bachelor dissertation project) a cross-sectional suss out is chosen. Population that is surveyed, or from hich subjects ar recruited Population that is surveyed atomic number 18 executive employees of the department of Operations & Services of the fundamental law of trinitrotoluene Express Benelux in Houten, the Netherlands. The number of subjects is 22. Expected pattern (or supposal) The evaluate pattern for the possible action telecommuting leave lead to to a greater extent productiveness i s a regression of 0. 20, meaning that an increase in tele operative(a) volition lead to an increase of 0. 20 in an amount of productiveness. The expect pattern for the surmisal confusion pass on ease up a contradict baffle on the relative mingled with tele functional and productiveness is a regression of -0. 0, meaning that an increase in astonishment will lead to an settle of 0. 20 in a amount of productiveness, when teleworking. Observed pattern The discovered pattern for the hypothesis teleworking will lead to to a greater extent than productivity is a ban relation with a regression beta score of -1,311,meaning that if the power phase of teleworking increases with peerless unit, the productivity will decrease with 1,311. The observed pattern for the hypothesis disturbance will fool a forbid learn on the relation between teleworking and productivity is a tyrannical relation with a regression beta score of 0,188.Thus, for the increase of one unit bew ilderment, the productivity will increase with 0,188. Test result teleworking has a prohibit effect on productivity and animal magnetism has a constructive relation on productivity. Non-response bias assessment (worst case analysis) The number of wanting cases is 5. The worst case analysis record that if the fin respondents joined the survey, and where truly different form the obtained ones, a positive effect of teleworking on productivity (2,775) and a negative effect of perplexity on productivity (-0,173) could be put. Your contribution to what is known about the proposition Our contribution to the proposition Telework will lead to an increase in productivity is that teleworking does not al shipway lead a positive permute in productivity such as suggested in umpteen scientific denominations. In our research a negative relation is found on productivity when teleworking. Most important recommendigital audiotapeion for further research The most important recommendatio n is, in guild to do a replication use up, a longitudinal survey.The longitudinal survey enables the future researchers to measure the variety in productivity that takes place at a posterior point in time when employees telework. In this research the measure of productivity towards teleworking is only done once. Preface This bachelor thesis is written as part of our studies Business Administration at the Erasmus University Rotterdam. The main subject of this thesis is Telework. We selected this subject out of many other subjects because we wanted to write our thesis about a topical subject and teleworking has be enumerate a major hype in the last few years.Many businesses see teleworking in their gild for various reasons. So, is assumed that teleworking will lead to embody reduction, more productive employees and more satisfied employees. But, the main top dog is does telework provide completely these benefits? In this thesis we will look at the effect of teleworking on th e productivity of employees. Abstract The relation between teleworking and productivity is of critical concern for organizations that might be planning to implement teleworking of for those who take already done.In this research the relation between teleworking and productivity is examined, absolute for age, sexual practice and family experimental condition. The effect of animal magnetism on the productivity of employees was excessively measured. A survey among 17 teleworkers at trinitrotoluene express was conducted online to gather data. In result of different twofold regression analysis, a negative impact of teleworking on productivity was detect. Furthermore, a slight positive impact of distraction on productivity was found. The results look paradoxical, but there argon several(prenominal) reasons to rationalise these results and shed a bracing light on the telework-productivity research.Introduction In the last few years there has been an increasing demand for compro mising work and flexible organizations. The concept of teleworking offers a solution to this increasing demand. At this moment 20 to 30 million muckle in the U. S. currently work from main office at least one day a week (Telework Research Network, 2011). In the lit several definitions of telework are used. The most crude definition of telework defines telework as work performed at fundament, a satellite office or other places than the office itself, to reduce commuting (Shin, 2000). on that point are several motives companies could have to adopt the concept of telework. Obvious motives are cost reduction and change magnitude productivity. Additional benefits for teleworking employees are change magnitude job satisfaction and a give out work- breeding balance (Harpaz, 2002). In this thesis a proposition, regarding telework and productivity, will be well-tried. The proposition that will be well-tried is Telework will lead to an increase in productivity. In general this means that this research measures if employees have a senior high schooler productivity if they telework, and thus have the opportunity to work as well as the office, than if they are office-bound.The increase in productivity is a well(p) deal measured ascribable the comparison of rig produced by a given over amount of input, often office hours. If the employee, who teleworks, uses exact the same time as an office-bound employee for a job, while delivering a greater amount of work, an increase in productivity imputable telework fucking be concluded. The first who explicate the concept of telework in 1973 was Jack M. Nilles from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles. He defined Teleworking as any form of substitution of nurture technologies for work-related travel (Madsen, 2003).The one clear motive for the expansion of teleworking, mentioned by Nilles, was the reduction of dose congestion, particularly in overcrowded urban areas. Although these public benefits were n ot sufficient enough to implement teleworking. Economic benefits kindred cost reductions, space savings and reduced rental rates for office space ensured that companies were more believably to introduce the concept of teleworking. According to Nilles productivity will increase as a result of working harder and working more hours per day, because of less distraction, severances and stress (Nillis, 1988).After Nilles formulated the proposition that telework increases productivity for the first time, it has often been examined. several(prenominal) articles say that telework change magnitude productivity. For example at AT&T, a telecommunication beau monde, telework increased productivity with close 10 perpenny, according to AT&Ts annual telework survey among 1,500 employees. Another example of increased productivity is IBM where 87 percent of the employees report that they believe that their productivity have increased signifi give the axetly (Apgar, 1998).In fact several artic les tell that the productivity of employees is higher when they work at home. Only one research shown a decrease in productivity. However this decrease was later followed by an increase of productivity (Bailey, 2002). Despite several articles have examined the relation between telework and productivity, it is dificult to measure productivity. Like mentioned earlier, productivity is based on the relation between input and takings. There have been problems when measuring the productivity of todays intimacy workers. First of e real last(predicate), most knowledge workers do not produce units per given period (e. . per hour, day or month). Because output is often measured in units, the productivity of knowledge workers is hard to measure. Secondly, there is not a direct correlation between units of get and units of output for these knowledge workers. Extra input from one additional worker does not necessary lead to more output. The classic definition does not enable to measure kno wledge workers productivity, certainly not when measuring besides the office (Gordon, 1997). In the research on the relation between telework and productivitity a number of methodological weaknesses have been discovered.Most studies use self-report suverys to collect data from teleworkers. These self-report surveys flush toilet result in famyotrophic lateral sclerosise responses from teleworkers in their productivity evaluations. This so called self-response bias has not been taken into account in many productivity research. Data assembly from both, teleworker and manager will be a better way to measure productivity. Next to that sample populations are selected under specific personality and task criterea, which could be related to a higher work motive and therefrom contributes to increased productivity.Another translation for increased productivity could be the relegation of other tasks to office-bound employees. Higher productivity can in addition be explained by the increas e in working hours, due less commuting (Shin, 2000). Due the difficulties of measuring productivity some articles falsly claim the fact that telework increase productivity. Like mentioned earlier, productivity amount for knowledge workers has been a dilemma. In measuring input and output the term productivity is inadequate for knowledge workers.Therefore this research measures productivity not only due the quantity of work, but due several concepts. The concepts used in this research to measure productivity are quantity, quality, timeliness and twofold priorities. The questions how much can be done (quantity), how well it is done (quality), when it is done (timeliness) and how many things can be done at once (multiple priorities) are being covered. Using multiple concepts enables to put the quantity factor in the context of a bigger picture and not just simply focus on an increase in output (Gordon, 1997).As verbalise earlier, there are several definitions for teleworking. Most d efinitions focus on the fact that employees have the incident to work everywhere and not as much on the fact that employees can work whenever they want. In this research the most common definition of Shin, Sheng and Higa will be used. Shin et al. defines telework as work performed at home, a satellite office or other places than the office itself, to reduce commuting (Shin, 2000). Figure 1 Causality computer simulation The causality specimen of this thesis, shown in figure 1, consist of two concepts teleworking and productivity.The self-governing concept in the causality model is teleworking and the dependent concept is productivity. The focal unit of this research theory is the entity of which the range of run into of one or more shifting attributes is explained by the theory (Hak, 2011). The focal unit consists of employees who perform their work at other places than at the office itself, for at least one day a week. The minimum number of days teleworkers work besides the o ffice is chosen because several instances use this minimum, handle the Telework Research Network.The national average number of days a teleworker works besides the office is 2,4 days a week (Telework Research Network, 2011). The productivity of teleworkers is measured due the comparison of their productivity when working besides the office and when working at the office. There is not chosen for the comparison of the productivity of teleworkers and office bound employees, because this is not valid. The variation in productivity between teleworkers and office-bound employees should not necessarily come from teleworking, but can be explained by several other factors for instance by personal ifferences. The a priori domain of this research, the universe of instances of the focal unit, consist of all employees who work at other places than at the office itself, for at least one day a week, in the Netherlands. Literature review After Nilles claimed that productivity increased as a resul t of teleworking in 1973, it has often been examined. In 1982 Olson researched the effect of telework on productivity. Although there were no measures of execution data, employees and managers pronounced that teleworkers are more productive than office-bound employees.The study also revealed that teleworkers are more responsible and conscientious about schedules, had better documentation and scheduled their time better. Employees matte that they worked more efficiently or produced higher quality work, when working at home. Few employees found the office very distracting and because could be more productive at home (Olson, 1982). This results are legitimate with Olsons later longitudinal study of three pilot teleworking programs, which revealed that teleworkers believed that their performance was enhanced due teleworking (Olson, 1989).In 1989 Bailyn also researched the effect of telework on productivity among 89 system developers, including 49 teleworkers. More than a quarter of the parcel developers inform that their most productive work times fell out of the traditional office days. Bailyn charge this productivity increase to the fact that teleworkers have individual control over time and the ability to divvy up work over all time periods, including the weekends. The survey also indicated that employees needed quiet and privacy to be productive (Bailyn, 1989).Bailyn also noted that only tasks that do not require extensive interaction will benefit from teleworking (Bailyn, 1988). One year later Newman stated that teleworking is ideally for those whose jobs require them to turn to a flow of information, identical programmers, engineers, speechwriters and business analysts. The personality of the teleworker must include being capable of discourse autonomy. According to Newman, experienced workers make the best candidates for teleworking. Similar to Olson, Newman stated that the work-at-home programs often result in increased output from staff, naming eing less put off meant being more productive. In Newmans study at the Travelers Insurance Company productivity increased with 20 percent. Despite of the increased productivity, limiting the geographic boundaries of the telephoners hiring pool due offering work-at-home arrangements to employees was the prime reason for teleworking (Newman, 1989). In Dubrins research the reasons for teleworking were to solve staffing, space, and other business problems including keeping motivated employees away from the distractions of other workers (McKee, 1988).According to Dubrin an implicit supposal about teleworking programs is that employees who work at home will be equally more productive that office-bound employees. Dubrins observation of company records suggests that home workers increased their productivity from 5 to 100 percent (Dubrin, 1991). Dubrin tested the hypothesis telecommuters are more productive than are employees performing comparable work on company premises among employees of the NPD Group. The participants in this research were mainly women.The fact that only women are represented in capital of Irelands studies makes it difficult to separate findings between man cares and females. The distributor point of distraction was measured due different statements in the questionnaires. The questionnaire items Being able to keep busy all the time show that telework has a positive mold on the productivity. The work-at-home group scored materially higher (13. 81) than the group in-house workers (6. 36) at the t-value of 4. 20. The research found that productivity was increased by 30% when projects were moved from company premises to homes.The productivity was measured in transactions per hour, occurred when a project was shifted from in-house to at-home. The results are consistent with findings of Newman. In Dubrins research the productivity findings showed that people who worked at home part-time are more productive than those who worked at home full-time. It is concluded that productivity increases when work is structured, continual and measurable. In order to conclude evidence that telecommuting increases productivity, it is necessary to move in-house workers into their homes and then measure the productivity changing (Dubrin, 1991).Accoring to Frolick, Wilkes, Urwiler productivity is expected to increase when teleworkers work according to a flexible schedule in an informal setting. The question whether telecommuters are more productive than office-bound employees was researched in a semi-structured telephone interview among 45 individuals in 10 organizations. The average time that each of the interviewees had spent in the telework programs was 2,3 years. The results of the interviews revealed that every teleworker and every telework manager describe that productivity had increased as a result of their telecommuting programs.In each case the respondents stated that teleworker productivity was higher than the productivity of offic e-bound employees. The average increase of productivity was approximately 20 percent. This result is consistent with other researches like Niles 1990 (Frolick, 1993). Frolick et al. attributed this productivity increase to lack of interruption and the ability of the teleworker to schedule his or her work in a flexible manner. In this study all the teleworkers cited fewer interruptions as a bring factor to their productivity and 17 of them cited greater flexibility in performing their jobs (Frolick, 1993).Hartman, Stoner and Arora noticed two fundamental problems in the previous study, namely an extraordinary small sample size and maintaining a broad, non suppressive definition of telecommuting that leads to clouded outcomes and conclusions. In their study telecommuters were selected from 11 different organizations, both public and private, including telecommunications, insurance, banking, publishing, and city an state governmental units. The research was done due a self-report su rvey among 262 telecommuters.Telecommuting productivity was measured by the respondents feeling about how the output per hour was changed, working at the office versus working at home. An overwhelming 84 % reported that productivity was increase while working at home, 12 % reported no change and just 4% reported a lower productivity. Hartman recognized that the self-reported recognitions of comparative spot productivity might be biased, but the outcomes were consistent with the productivity increase in other studies (Hamilton, 1987)(Moody, 1986). Neufeld and Fang think on the influence of distraction, gender and family location on teleworkers productivity.Their research assumed that gender and family status (defined as social factors) are negatively correlated with teleworker productivity. When working at home, the family status is important because family is often around. Therefore they may have a large effect on the teleworkers, and their productivity. The results of the study are obtained by semi-structured interview. For measuring the social factors, direct questions are used (such as do you have children at home? ). For measuring distraction, questions are used like is your environment distraction free?The results showed that teleworker productivity is not associated with family status and gender, but on the other hand, a distraction free environment was associated with teleworker productivity (Neufeld, 2005). Another study of Derrick J. Neufeld, which examined productivity among four different kinds of organizations, showed that claims of a higher productivity correlated to teleworking are overblown. In this study, productivity is measured among 200 bottomlandadian employees, and the results show that the increase in productivity is statistically insignificant.Cynics predicted that distractions from working at home will reduce productivity. But despite these distractions, productivity is not reduced, but jolly increased. This study of Neufeld shows that teleworking is significantly more correlated with organizational flexibility than with productivity (Cassiani, 2000). Kelley Butler also looked at the relation between distraction and teleworker productivity. Butler stated that the top 6 distractions, while working at home, are household chores, television, pets, errands, internet and children.The data was collected from a CareerBuilder survey. Some of the teleworkers (17%) was so distracted by these factors, that the distraction costs one hour of their working hours (Butler, 2011). Thompson, Vivien and Lim examined the differences in gender on the perception of teleworking. Their data was collected from a questionnaire survey among IT professionals in Singapore. Results showed that males perceived that teleworking improved the quality of life and their productivity in a greater extent than females.Also, in this research productivity increases while teleworking, because an employee can plan the work schedule during the hours w hen one is most productive. But on the other hand, the study also shows that distractions at home may be harder to solve than distractions at the office. An analysis of the covariance was used to measure the difference between gender, and the relation to the advantages and disadvantages of teleworking. The results show that there is no significant difference in gender (Thompson, 1998). pen Literature effect foundOlson, 1983 Preliminary evidence from the exploratory study shows that individuals can be as or more productive when working at home Olson, 1988 Telecommuting experts and practitioners on a regular basis cite at-home productivity gains ranging from 15-25% Newman, 1989 take shape-at-home programs often result in increased output from staff Newman, 1989 The Travelers Insurance Company productivity increased with 20 percent among 80 commuting staff Di Martino, 1990 A two-year pilot project ( ) reported productivity gains averaging 43 per cent per participant.Teleworkers () no ted productivity increases varying from 12 per cent to 20 per cent. take employees working at home have been rated () as 3 to 5 per cent more potent than they would have been if they worked from nine to five in the office. Dubrin, 1991 Productivity was increased by 30% when projects were moved from company premises to homes Dubrin, 1991 Observation of company records suggests that home workers increased their productivity from 5 to 100 per cent Hartman, 1991 A significant negative correlation between the ratio of telecommuting hours to total work hours and telecommuting productivity was revealed. Hartman, 1991 The full-time employed telecommuters reported higher levels of productivity (3. 59) in comparison with part-time employed telecommuters (2. 65). Hartman, 1992 Telecommuters were asked whether they matt-up their productivity (output per hour) at home was higher or lower than at the office. An overwhelming percentage (84%) reported higher productivity while working at home, only 4 % of the telecommuters reported lower productivity, and 12 % reported no change. Frolick, 1993 The findings indicate a significant increase in productivity (20%) among teleworkers Apgar, 1998 87 per cent of employees () report that they believe their productivity and effectiveness have increased significantly Baruch, 2000 How teleworking influences the way people work after opting to telework were examined ().Compared with previous arrangements of work effectiveness 34 per cent and 42 per cent felt it was much better or better (respectively), totaling a positive impact for 76 per cent, with just 5 per cent suggesting no difference and 3 per cent worse. Pearlson, 2001 A survey in 2001 of 150 executives in large U. S. companies found that 36 percent saw no difference in productivity levels between telecommuters and onsite employees, while 26 percent felt that telecommuting could compromise job performance Table 1 Reported effect sized of the effect of Teleworking on Productivi tyAuthor Effect Olson, 1983 Some of the individuals interviewed cited problems with motivation and numerous distractions at home that made concentration difficult Newman, 1989 Work-at-home programs often result in increased output from staff, naming being less distracted meant being more productive Hartman, 1991 Family disruptions and their association with telecommuting productivity and satisfaction, the correlation with productivity is -. 20 (p = . 06). Frolick, 1993 Most claims of productivity to date have been attributed to a lack of interruption and the ability of the teleworker to schedule his or her work in a flexible manner. Baruch, 2000 Better performance was attributed for the most part to the elimination of distractions, which are typical at the study and subsequently the ability to focus on work. newfangled Lee, 2005 The results indicated no significant effect of perceived distractions on perceived performance Wilson, 2004 Could be more productive without such distr actions. Fonner, 2010 Results show that working remotely the majority of the time alleviates forms of stress and distraction including acting as a buffer from workplace injustice which may provide a more productive and congenial work environment Table 2 Reported effect sized of the effect of Distraction on Productivity Methods The research strategy is to test the proposition that assumed that teleworking will lead to an increase of productivity. The replication history research has indicated that this theory has empirically been confirmed for various populations.If the proposition is true in the domain, then it must be true for the population in the domain. In order to claim whether a proposition is true, empirical evidence is required to show its correctness. This research deduces a hypotheses regarding teleworking, distraction and increasing productivity by an empirical research. Ideally a causal relationship between teleworking, distraction and productivity is measured in a long itudinal survey. The longitudinal survey is defined as a research strategy in which a change in value of the relevant concepts is observed in all members (or in samples) of a population of instances of a focal unit.In a longitudinal survey it is possible to find a population of comparable cases in the theoretical domain in which the value of teleworking (named here as uncertain X) has changed over time. A causal relation X influences Y ( inconsistent Y is employees productivity) is observed in the cases, if the value of Y has changed after the change of value X. Considering the research time (two months) and the context of this research (a bachelor thesis), this research uses a cross-sectional design to measure the relationship between teleworking, distraction and employees productivity.A scatter spell is a useful tool to show a possible correctness of the proposition. The cross-sectional design enables to turn on variations of cases deep down one particular population. In this research the population is a department within an organisation. The population consists of all executive employees of the department Process Policies of TNT Express Benelux in Houten, the Netherlands. The number of employees/cases is 22. Name employee 1 Bert Schut 14 Koos Jansen 2 Corne Vroegh 15 Marielle Sitskoorn David Roofthoofd 16 Marina Elegeert 4 Erik van Duin 17 Martijn Otte 5 Geug Leendertse 18 Maurice Hidma 6 Guy Gevaers 19 Mette Kok 7 Harrie Dasselaar 20 Michiel Bierman 8 Henk Jansen 21 Tessa Koster 9 Jack Beks 22 Thomas Goossens 10 Jan Harmen Hietbrink 11 Jef Kleinschmidt 12 John Meisters 13 John van Oeffel Figure 2 Employees of the Process Policies department at TNT express In the cross-sectional research, qualitative and quantitative data of respondents is collected more or less simultaneously.The self-report survey will be sent out to all cases at the same moment and held during the same time of period. The independent variable (teleworking) is a quantitative variable measured in percentages. The other independent variable (distraction) is a qualitative variable, measured in likert schales with categories like never, sometimes, regularly, often and always. Productivity is a qualitative variable. The controlling variables are gender, age and family status. Gender is divided into male and female (0=male and 1= female).Family status is measured in four different values, namely wholeness, single with children, conjoin or co-habiting, and married or co-habiting with children. The conceptual model of this research can be found in Figure 3. To test the five different hypothesis based on the conceptual model, a multiple regression analysis will be used. Figure 3 Conceptual Model The hypothesis concentrates on the relation between teleworking and the productivity. Assumed is that teleworking lead to an increase in productivity. This means that employees can do more work, do their work better, schedule their own work and do multipl e things at once.The hypothesis is formulated as following There is a positive relation between teleworking and productivity if the ? is ? 0,20. In the conceptual model age, gender, family status are taken into account as controlling variables. Gender could have an influence on productivity. Women, for example, are better in multitasking and could therefore have a higher score on multiple priorities, which influences the productivity. Family status could have an impact on distraction, therefore it is also used as controlling variable. This also accounts for age. The assumption is that lder employees are less productive compared to young employees, which are more involved with technology. Two different regression analyses with different variables are plotted. * The variables teleworking / gender / distraction / age / family status in relation to productivity. (nain regression) * The variables teleworking / distraction in relation to productivity The main regression model is shown be low Productivity = ? + ? 1 Teleworking + ? 2 Gender + ? 3 Family status + ? 4 Age + ? 5 Distraction + ? ? iin( 0, ? )The regression analysis will show which variable will have the highest influence on the dependent variable productivity, corrected for the influences of the other variables. The expectation is therefore that the beta of teleworking will be the highest in the model. Results The data in this research is collected due a self-report survey among employees of the Process Policies department of TNT Express Benelux. The self-report survey was conducted online on the Belgian website of enquetemaken. be. A textual version of this survey can be found in concomitant 2.A physical contact to this survey was send to the 22 employees of the department by mail. This research chose for an anonymous survey in order to ensure that respondents could be honest about their answers. This would secure the reliability of this survey. Besides that the interview was conducted in Dutch becau se all employees at TNT are Dutch. The employees filled in questions concerning telework and productivity. Several non-related questions, concerning job satisfaction and work-life balance, were added in order to cover the real purpose of the research.In order to guarantee the reliability and validity of this research, the questions of the survey are based on questions used in other research. The productivity measurement is divided into four determents that are each tested individually. These four determents are quantity, quality, timeliness and multiple priorities (Gordon, 1997). Lee and Brand used questions like Compared to my typical work right now, I would rate the quality of my work as and Compared to my typical performance right now, I would rate my job performance as are being used.In the survey of this research four questions are used in order to measure work productivity. The exact questions can be found in the appendix. The questions in the survey concerning distraction, we re like How frequently are you unable to concentrate because of interruptions from your family? . These questions were lengthy to other factors, like distractions from colleagues, phone calls/e-mails/texts, sounds and other factors (Neufeld, 2005). According to Young Lee J. L. Brand, is noise one of the main distractions (Lee et all, 2010). Therefore, we devoted one question on noise.Also, the question I am comfortably distracted from my work is used in their research, which we decided to put in our own survey. In the article from knowledge to distraction, written by Jonathan Spira in 2007, is stated that knowledge workers are often distracted by e-mails, phonecalls, flashbulb messages etc. For this reason, there is decided to investigate the amount of distractions by these influences in the survey. In this article, also is stated that colleagues popping in might be a factor of distraction. This factor is also added to the survey.The last question regarding distraction, is about other distractions. This is to make sure that there are not any parts of distraction missed. The non-response bias of this survey was 22,7 percent. Five employees did not fill in the survey because they were not available in the two weeks the survey was online. If the non-response bias is very high it can effect the representativeness for the population. A data storage-battery grid of the results of this survey can be found in table 4. A detailed calculation of the degree of productivity and distraction can be found in appendix 3.Total Work hours Telework hours storey of distraction (1=low, 5=high) Degree of Productivity (1=low, 5= high) Gender (1=male, 0=female) Age Family status * 40 20 3. 2 4 1 58 3 50 33 3. 4 3. 75 1 40 1 50 30 2. 4 3. 5 1 53 3 42 7 2. 4 3. 75 1 54 3 40 5 2. 4 4. 5 1 48 4 50 25 2. 2 4 1 44 4 40 15 2. 2 3. 75 0 40 4 40 25 2 3. 75 1 28 3 40 32 2. 4 3. 5 0 32 3 40 8 3. 2 4 1 42 3 45 8 2. 4 4 0 32 3 40 2 2. 4 3 1 32 1 45 8 2. 4 3. 75 1 51 4 60 36 2. 6 4 1 31 3 4 5 8 2. 6 3. 5 1 36 4 45 35 3. 8 4 1 38 4 50 5 2. 4. 75 1 40 3 44. 82353 17. 76471 2. 623529 3. 852941 - 41. 11765 - *= (1= single, 2=single with children, 3=married or co-habiting, 4= married or co-habiting with children) Table 3 Data Grid of the survey at TNT Express The expected pattern Hypothesis 1 Teleworking will lead to more productivity The expected pattern for the first hypothesis teleworking will lead to more productivity is a regression of 0. 20, meaning that an increase of an hour teleworking will lead to an increase of 0. 20 in an amount of productivity. In the belles-lettres review several articles reported that teleworking increase productivity.However, there are also articles that claim a negative effect of teleworking on productivity. A summary of the reported effect sizes can be found in table 1 in the literature review section. The effect sizes of the relation between teleworking and productivity, found in the literature, vary from a negative relation to a positi ve relation. The majority of effects are positive, which means that productivity was increased due to teleworking. Although the majority of effects were positive, the claimed productivity increase ranges from 5 % to 20 %, up to 100 %.There is one article by Hartman (1991) that claims a negative correlation between telecommuting and telecommuting productivity. Derived from the literature review the expected pattern, in which the hypothesis is true, is a regression coefficient of 0. 20 or more. This means that if the degree of teleworking increases with one hour, the productivity will increase with 0,20. The hypothesis 2 Distraction has a negative influence on productivity The second hypothesis is aimed at the independent variable distraction on the dependent variable productivity.The correlation is expected to be -0. 20, meaning that an increase of one unit distraction will have a decrease of 0. 20 in the amount of productivity. In the literature several effects of distraction on pro ductivity are found. A summary of the reporter effects can be found in table 2 in the literature review section. The effects found in the literature review suggest that distraction has a negative influence on productivity. The effects vary from no significant effect on performance to being more productive when distraction is eliminated.The expected effect of distraction on productivity is expected to be negative in this research. The correlation is expected to be -0. 20, meaning that an increase of one unit distraction will have a decrease of 0. 20 in the amount of productivity. The observed pattern Hypothesis 1 Teleworking will lead to more productivity The results of the main multiple regression analysis show that 26 per cent of the variance is declared by the model. The correlation between the observed and expected values of dependent variable is 0,509. In appendix 4 the SPSS output of this research is shown.Surp upgradely, the degree of teleworking has a negative influence on pr oductivity. This can be interpreted by the beta of the quantity of teleworking, which is -1,311. This means that if the degree of teleworking increases with one hour, the productivity will decrease with 1,311. The hypothesis 2 Distraction has a negative influence on productivity Another surprising output is the influence of distraction on productivity, which has a beta of 0,188, where a negative beta is expected. Thus, for the increase of one unit distraction, the productivity will increase with 0,188.A partial regression analysis, without the controlling variables gender, age and family status, shows that there is a slight difference in the variance declared by the model and the correlation between the observed and expected values of the dependent variable. These figures fall to 0,259 and 0,067. The betas of the degree of teleworking and distraction fall to -1,287 and 0,148. For this reason, the controlling variables will be added to the other regression analyses. There are severa l ways to explain the surprising betas of teleworking and distraction.First of all, the results are based on the answers of only 17 respondents. In the partial regression plot (with the variables distraction and productivity) is clear that because of a few amount of outliners, the R2 linear is climbing a little. Without these outliers, there is a large possibility that the distraction beta will be negative, which was expected. Another explanation is that the employees of TNT express do not relate distraction to their productivity. They turn tail to give themselves a high overall score on productivity, regardless of the degree of distraction and teleworking.Another possibility is that the amount of distraction really does not influence the productivity. Figure 4 The relation between distraction and productivity Because of the little number of respondents, the few outliers pull the mean of the productivity up. These respondents have a small quantity of teleworking, but tend to give themselves high scores on productivity. Therefore, the linear line of the quantity of teleworking is declining, where it would have been rising without these three outliners. This can be an explanation for the negative effect of teleworking on productivity.But on the other hand, it might be possible that the teleworking does have a negative effect on productivity. In a worst-case analysis, the five absent respondents could dramatically influence the results of the regression analysis. This would be, if the respondents all would score low on productivity and on high distraction (or vice versa), or if degree of teleworking among the employees is high and their productivity is high too (or vice versa). Figure 5 The relation between teleworking and productivityThe worst-case analysis of the effect of telework on productivity shows that, when the five missing respondents would have been very different from the ones obtained, there is a positive effect (2,775) of telework on productivity. This positive effect is shown in figure 6. This in contrast with the results of this research, without the missing five respondents, where a negative effect was discovered. If the five missing respondents participated in this research and were very different from the ones obtained they could have a drastic impact of the results of this research.The expected positive effect of telework on productivity could be discovered in this scenario. Figure 6 Worst-case analysis of the effect of telework on productivity The worst-case analysis of the effect of distraction on productivity shows that, when the five missing respondents would be very different from the ones obtained, there is a negative effect (-0,173) of distraction on productivity. The worst-case analysis is shown in figure 7. This negative effect corresponds to the expected effect of distraction on productivity, but not to the observed effect in this research.This means that if the five missing respondents participated in this r esearch, the outcomes of this research could be dramatically different and the expected negative effect of distraction on productivity could be measured. Figure 7 Worst-case analysis of the effect of distraction on productivity overall can be concluded that if the five missing respondents participated in this survey they could have changed the outcomes of this research dramatically. The expected effects of this research could be found when adding the five missing respondents.Discussion The test results found in the multiple regression analysis? , claim roughly that TNT express should increase the distraction among employees, and decrease the degree of teleworking. But, as shown in the results chapter, the results only show a slight negative relation. Which can be easily influenced by the missing data, as shown in the worst case scenario analysis?. Therefore, the results should be interpreted as if distraction does not have a high influence on the productivity of employees.There is not a valid relationship in the test results showing that distraction has a positive influence on productivity, because of the very low negative beta (as a result of the regression analysis) and the possible influence of the missing values on the test results. The relationship between teleworking and productivity did show a large coherency. This large coherency was interpreted as if teleworking is not productive for TNT express. Thus, in this research, distraction is recommended and teleworking is discouraged.But it is recommended to keep in mind that the worst case scenario analysis (showing the missing values can turn around findings as much as possible) presume a positive influence of teleworking on productivity, and a negative influence of distraction on productivity. For further investigation it will be recommended to use more respondents, as much as possible. When more respondents are used, the results will be less influenced by outliers. A very low response bias is also recom mended, so that a worst case analysis are not necessary and therefore will not show complete opposite results compared to the research.In this research, the response bias was 28 per cent. Another recommendation would be to make a connection between distraction and productivity for the respondents themselves. In this research, the respondents did not link distractions to their productivity (which can explain the divergent relation between distraction and productivity). When questions are formulated with the factors of distraction and productivity in one sentence, the link is automatically made for the respondents. Theorems for example like when I am distracted by phonecalls, I feel like I can do less work.Besides that all respondents report that they were very productive, even if they suffered from a lot of distraction. A solution for this self-response bias, that often occurs in self-report surveys, is to involve the opinion of the manager of the respondents in the research as well. Because of time constraints this was not possible in this research, but it will be a good way to eliminate the self-response bias in future research. In previous research, many positive effects of teleworking on productivity were found. This research contradicts this and reveals a negative effect.Although the worst case analysis showed that there could be a positive effect, when the five missing respondents were very different from the ones obtained, the observed negative effect could also be an indication that there really is a negative relation between teleworking and productivity. In 1991 Hartman also claimed a negative correlation between teleworking and productivity. Because the research of Hartman also reported this negative effect, it could be true that teleworking has a negative impact on productivity.This would generate a new insight into the telework-productivity research, in which was assumed that teleworking increased productivity. In contradiction in terms to earlier r esearch on the effect of distraction on productivity, this research shows a sparingly positive effect of distraction on productivity. The fact that more distraction leads to more productive employees seems contradictory, but interruptions are not necessarily bad. Little interruptions, for example, could provide a fresh new insight into someones work.Therefore the observed positive effect could be real and is interesting to further investigation. Because the observed effect is slightly positive and in the worst case analysis slightly negative, it could also be an indication that distraction has no effect on productivity. This is supported by the research of Lee and Brand, which indicated that there was no significant effect of perceived distractions on perceived performance. This finding could also contribute to the research on the effect of distraction of productivity.In conclusion the findings of this research do not fully correspond to the main findings in the literature. This is actually very interesting because a new insight in the research on teleworking and productivity is generated. It can be questioned if the main findings in the literature are true. Maybe teleworking is not good for the productivity of employees and distractions are not as bad as everybodys thinking. In order to do a replication research towards the effect of teleworking on productivity in the future a replication strategy is useful.The preferred replication strategy for the future is a longitudinal survey. The longitudinal survey enables the future researchers to measure the change in productivity that takes place at a later point in time when employees telework. In the longitudinal survey all members of a focal unit can be observed over time. Additional theoretical insight is advised in order to determine how much time should elapse between the change in value of productivity and the subsequent change in the value of teleworking. * Appendix Appendix 1 Several definitions of Telewo rk and/or Productivity Author(s) Definition of telework Definitions of productivity 1 Newman (1989) Working home with the aid of computers, modems and facsimile machines. 2 Dubrin (1991) Performing job-related work at a site away from the company, then electronically transferring the output to another location 3 Frolick, Wilkes, Urwiler (1993) The number of tasks efficaciously completed in a given timeframe 4 Hartman, Stoner and Arora (1992) Work arrangement where organizational employees regularly work at home or at a remote site one or more complete workdays a week instead of working in the office. Telework managers reported using deadlines or agreed upon deadlines, and on-time work and quality to manage and measure teleworker productivity. 5 Nilles (1975) Telework is any form of substitution of information technologies for work-related travel 6 Mokhtarian (1991) Telework is defined as the use of telecommunications technology to partially or completely tack the commute to and from work. 7 Sing, Sheng, Higa (2000) Telecommuting is the reduction of commuting distance by working home, in nontraditional satellite offices, in telecottages, or in neighborhood offices. * Appendix 2 Self-report survey at TNT express. Onderzoek heated Nieuwe Werken bij TNT express. Voor onze bachelor thesis, onderdeel van de studie bedrijfskunde, doen wij onderzoek naar Het Nieuwe Werken bij TNT Express. Dit onderzoek is onderdeel van ons afstuderen aan de Erasmus Universiteit te Rotterdam. Voor ons onderzoek willen we graag uw medewerking vragen penetration middel van het invullen van een vragenlijst. Het invullen van de vragenlijst zal ongeveer 5 minuten duren. Deze vragenlijst is geheel anoniem. Alvast bedankt, Robin Kettenes, Boudewijn Schuitmaker en Marlot Sep __________________________________________________________________________ Het Nieuwe Werken is een breed begrip voor het tijd en plaats ongebonden werken, als gevolg van het gebruik van moderne communicat ie technologieen. In ons onderzoek spitsen wij ons echter alleen toenail op het plaatsongebonden werken. Het plaatsongebonden werken houdt in dat u zelf kunt bepalen waar u werkt. ___________________________________________________________________________ 1) Hoeveel uur werkt u over het algemeen per week? . uur 2) Heeft u de mogelijkheid om buitenkantoor te werken? Ja Nee ) Hoeveel uur per week werkt u over het algemeen buiten uw kantoor ? . .. uur 4) Op welke plaatsen werkt u als u buiten uw vaste werkplek werkt? Thuis Onderweg Internet Cafe Elders 5) Waar vindt u het het prettigst om te werken? Op kantoor Buiten kantoor 6) Ik ben makkelijk afgeleid van mijn werk Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 7) Ik devise tijdens mijn werk afgeleid door geluid Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 8) Ik word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid door telefoontjes/e-mails/berichten etc. Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 9) Ik word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid door collegasNooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 10) I k word tijdens mijn werk afgeleid door andere factoren Nooit Soms Regelmatig Vaak Altijd 11) Ik zou de hoeveelheid werk dat ik kan opleveren werk beschrijven als Erg veel Erg weinig 12) Ik zou de kwaliteit van mijn werk beschrijven als Erg goed Erg slecht 13) Ik heb mijn werk altijd op tijd af Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 14) Ik ben in staat meerdere taken tegelijk uit te voeren Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 15) Ik vind het erg fijn om op kantoor te werken Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 6) Ik vind het erg fijn om thuis te werken Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 17) Ik vind het prettig werk en prive gescheiden te houden Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 18) Het is makkelijk voor mij werk en prive gescheiden te houden als ik op kantoor werk Helemaal juist Helemaal onjuist 19) Kunt u een schatting geven van de verhouding tussen de tijd dat u op uwop kantoorwerkt en de tijd dat u buitenkantoor werkt? (Bijvoorbeeld 40-60 / 50-50 ) . / . 20) Wat is u geslacht? Man Vrouw 21) Wat is u le eftijd? .. jaar 22) Wat is u burgerlijke staat? AlleenstaandAlleenstaand met kinderen Getrouwd/samenwonend Getrouwd/samenwonend met kinderen Appendix 3 Detailed calculation of the degree of productivity and distraction Calculation The Degree of Distraction 3 3 4 3 3 3. 2 3 4 4 4 2 3. 4 2 3 3 2 2 2. 4 2 2 3 3 2 2. 4 2 2 3 3 2 2. 4 2 2 2 3 2 2. 2 2 2 3 2 2 2. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2. 4 4 3 3 3 3 3. 2 2 2 3 2 3 2. 4 3 2 2 3 2 2. 4 3 2 2 3 2 2. 4 3 2 3 3 2 2. 6 3 2 3 2 3 2. 6 4 4 3 4 4 3. 8 3 2 4 2 2 2. 6 2. 647059 2. 11765 3 2. 705882 2. 352941 2. 623529 Calculation The Degree of Productivity 4 4 3 5 4 4 5 2 4 3. 75 4 4 2 4 3. 5 5 4 2 4 3. 75 4 4 5 5 4. 5 4 4 3 5 4 3 4 4 4 3. 75 4 4 3 4 3. 75 4 4 2 4 3. 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3. 75 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3. 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4. 75 3. 941176 4. 058824 3. 294118 4. 117647 3. 852941 * Appendix 4 The SPSS Ouput Model Summaryb Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 . 509a . 259 -. 078 1. 64400 a.P redictors (Constant), SumDistr, Leeftijd, military position, MateTelewerk, Geslacht b. unfree Variable SumProductiviteit Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 10. 929 3. 105 3. 519 . 005 MateTelewerk -1. 311 1. 749 -. 212 -. 750 . 469 Geslacht . 288 1. 177 . 071 . 244 . 811 Leeftijd -. 002 . 052 -. 013 -. 042 . 967 Status . 764 . 474 . 448 1. 613 . 135 SumDistr . 188 . 193 . 287 . 972 . 352 a. Dependent Variable SumProductiviteit * BibliographyApgar, M. 1998, The alternative workplace changing where and how people work, Harvard Business palingenesis May- June, , pp. 121-136. Bailey, D. E. Kurland, N. B. 2002, A review of telework research findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work, daybook of Organizational Behavior, vol. 23, pp. 383-400. 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