Overview And Analysis Of Inception

Overview And Analysis Of InceptionAward winning filmmaker, Christopher Nolan, developed unrivaled simple heretofore complex theory. Later, he adapted this idea to a major motion picture titled Inception. A box postal service hit, inspired by the notion of invading ones subconscious mind and gossamer visioning, its impact ultimately transformed the way of life the general public viewed ones view of life. Unsurprisingly, the audience were distracted in the mind blowing visual effects. hence many an(prenominal) forgotten or were unaw ar that the director incorporated subtle hints and anchor points that could answer seemingly puzzling questions throughout the film. In one finicky scene, where Cobbs reveals the history of him and his wife, Mal, exploring the concept of a dream within a dream to Ariadne, parts such as symbolism and motivelessing were cunningly used to suck up certain aspects and create A medium dick of Ariadne approaching Cobbs, the tv camera then zooms int o her and stops at a close up shot as she confronts Cobbs Ariadne confronts Cobbs. Whilst in present dialogue, the director highlighted both characters with a neutral, aglow(predicate) light originating from vacateows in the cathode-ray oscilloscope. These two simple elements allowed the audience to focus solely on the information the dialogue herstwhile(a)s. medicine intensifies when vital and significant events are universe told. Only Mal (French for evil) is seen opening her eyes on the shore of a beach as the tide swallows back into the ocean with a stupefied and confused expression. However, she gets up on the beach away from the tides ( however seen in the background). prop of subconscious the director has chosen this setting because many dream experts guess that it represents that the shore is the place where the conscious mind meets the unconscious in other(a) words, a sea of dreams meets the land of honesty (LUCID DREAMING). It also represents a emblematical journ ey of self disc overy when coming across the sea of unconscious. Therefore it can be interpreted as Mal knowing she was woolgather but has lost sight of what was reality. The sun brightly shining in the background gives this scene a soft focus lens as if Mals awe is translated in this form of element. We created our own world the background shines above their heads efficaciously giving the appearance Cobbs describes. To show that they are creating their world, Mal and Cobbs are creating things with spinal column e.g. sand castle. An upward medium shot is used to illustrate the creation of their world. fleck in the background, large clouds are moving swiftly and rapidly to specify that date quickly ticking by in dreams We did that for years, Cobbs explains. Other than being told by the narrator himself, the architecture is paradoxical, such as the rows of never ending pillars as Mal and Cobbs walk through and the infinite levels the building across was structured. Music has been intensified compared to the beginning of the dialogue. Mal stands before her childhood home. The background is bright and yet again the architecture has an unrealistic appearance. However, Mal is shadowed this could mean that what she is about to do will seal a dark fate. The camera angle lento zooms into a close up of her expression this could also mean that it took her time to come to her actions. Her wavy hair casts over her face then the wind shifts it over as the camera zooms in. It could indicate that the sea of unconscious (dreams) is or already have taken over what she once knew was reality, it is taking over her. The dream world is literally scraping away the grasp of reality she once originally had. The house represents Mals childhood. To lock some(prenominal)thing away deep in the mind, Nolan uses a playhouse doll that symbolises Mals lost imagination. After being introduced to a world in which she can dream again, an obsession emerges. She locks her totem into th e playhouse signification she is locking away the one valuable piece of reality into what was lost, her imagination. The playhouse has a spotlight coming from the right of the screen (origins unknown) After waking up from the dream and into reality a bright red light consumes the entire room. The colour scheme was used to symbolise the age old riddle what has four legs in the morning, two legs in the afternoon and one-third in the evening man. After decades stuck in dream Cobbs described them as old souls thrown back into youth, it can also be explained that in the evening of their life they are adults (with two legs) instead of an old person. passim FILM Mal is shown wearing singlets and show skin but later wears mild clothing. In the perspective of Cobbs retelling, the couple are still youthful because now, he realises it was all but a dream. In actuality, they lost track of time, disregarded what mattered and both aged to old seniors. If the dreamer is unaware he/she is drea ming he/she will age. Cobbs and Mal create a dream like world. It could be used as a religious connotation such as Adam and Eve. Living in their Garden of Eden, of which God created (they were portrayed as Gods). When Mal locked away the totem in her subconscious evil prevailed. Eve took the first combust of the forbidden fruit and convinced Adam to do the same. In this built in bed Cobbs wished to go back into reality, he performed inception on Mal so she could follow. tv camera angles make it impactful, e.g. Mal slowly loses to mental instability, her facial expressions are accentuated by this element The director comments on a humans response to isolation how some humans crave to be alone with someone forever, but others dont and the complexness of the human social nature Also revolves around love and how lot test the strength of relationships5. CONCLUSIONThe mise en scene creates and effects the way an image is perceived. It emphasizes on the mood, impact on the audience, and messages conveyed.

The Return Of Martin Guerre Film Studies Essay

The extend Of Martin Guerre Film Studies EssayTo begin, contain can be a dangerous method if audiences intend is to study history. Films can very persuade audiences to the direction of the perspective of flick deliverr this can be seen optimistically or pessimistically. If one does non have any formal cognition of typefaces in the movie, how one opticalize the characters are influenced by the generateation of the videomaker themselves. Films can manipulate and control the minds of the audiences producers can make audiences adore, hate, sympathize or be terrified with specific characters in the involve. Furthermore, dart assigns specific character for an enemy or a protagonist. Personally thinking, the fritter away made Arnaud du Tilh, the actor of Martin Guerre, to look as the protagonist of the film. In comparison to the control, Arnaud appeared to have really fallen in love with Betrande and acted like a good conserve and father to her and her son. Unlike Arnaud Mart in du Tilh, Pierre Guerre was the character that appeared to be aggressive and money-hungry who did not want to inherit any money to his long lost say nephew. But in contrast, films allow audiences to empathize with a character from the past. When display audience create strong relationship with a character, geters enter the film as if it is part of their life audiences may suppose they indeed make characters action and thoughts. Throughout the film, I came to love, hate, and sympathize Martin Guerre du Tilh. I felt affiliated to the character and had hopes that he was the true Martin Guerre though I knew he was not. I felt the strongest connection to Arnaud when he confessed that the reason why he fabricated to be Martin Guerre was because he fell in love with Betrande at the starting line sight. When the audiences shake up to see emotions and body language of a character, it creates stronger connection between the audience and the character. Another key disadvantage of l earning history by means of film is that it adds a lot of inaccurate but entertaining twists to make the film more attractive. Unfortunately, some audiences become completely absorbed and believe what is projected without any doubt. Nonetheless, these inaccurate twists bring entertainment and spark to history, luring the audiences attention. speckle the film allows us to sympathize and connect with diachronic characters, books allow audiences to interpret characters to audiences perspective. Audiences get to imagine characters kind of than being influenced by the visual rendering the filmmaker projects without the story. With film, audiences are trapped with the image that they see in the film with book, audiences get to imagine visual appearance and personality of a character. In other words, each audience can interpret the storyline and the characters on their perspective. In the book, The Return of Martin Guerre, Arnaud du Tilh appeared to be more as an antagonist rather t han a protagonist as interpreted in the film. Since the book focused on broader issue for example, explaining how Guerre family settled in Artigat and the life of Bertrande, Arnaud du Tilh did not seem as important character as paraden in the film. I could only imagine him to be a fraudulent, pretending to be Martin Guerre to wee-wee the familys inheritance. Furthermore, unlike the film, where it focuses on Martin du Tilh and Betrande de Rols, the book went beyond and explained the lives of other characters. For instance, Jean de Coras, the Toulouse valuate who documented the infamous trial of the 16th Century. Like Davis mentions in the present of her book, she explains that the film failed to point out some historic record of the casing such as the abandonment of the Basque background of the Guerres, and the rising of Protestantism from Catholicism in the rural area. Regarding accuracy, books always reveal the underlying historical truths broader and more accurately than fi lms can ever. Written clear explains all the possible details that around films ignore due to its dullness and the time limit. Learning history through written works, in general, seem more reliable and accurate equalise to films produced for mass audience.Essentially, the film Le Retour de Martin Guerre is in the main true, except the fictional eyeshade of Bertrandes motives at the end of the trial. In the book, Arnaud du Tilh insisted on being the real Martin Guerre process his death. Bertrande, in the end of the film, confesses that Arnauds eyes told her to give up and admit the impertinently claimed Martin as real Martin Guerre. In addition, Davis, a script consultant of the film, inflexible to write a more scholarly version of Martin Guerre after producing the film to assure a more historically accurate and detail work is available to public. However, she mentions in the introduction that she tried to look beyond the historical facts to unravel and understand the motivat ion behind the characters pursuit. This might input Daviss touch sensation on possibilities and ideas that Betrande knew that the new Martin Guerre was not her husband and secretively agreed to patron him become Martin Guerre. But essentially, this is only a theoretical guess and no one really knows if Betrande actually knew Arnaud du Tilh was her husband or not.Personally I prefer the film over the book. The book was dull and uninteresting than the film. The film made me think the storyline is actually entertaining. The suspense created in the film really made me wonder if the man that claimed to be Martin Guerre, was indeed himself though I knew he was a fraudulent prior to watching the film. The film made the whole historical phenomenon to look real -the atmosphere, buildings, and even the lives of townsmen of Pyrenean colonization of Artigat seemed real. These really helped me to connect with the characters and the plot. Furthermore, media sources in general are a great way to introduce learners to historical events. Though there can be certain historical flaws, it still gives audiences a general storyline and visual interpretation of how life looked in certain periods. For example, the film, Le Retour de Martin Guerre, really presented the tiddler life in the Sixteenth Century in France, while exhibiting the study of Martin Guerre. A person can say that the movie is lacking historical detail however, the meaning, lesson, and the essence of the storyline were presented in the movie. It is my opinion, the film could be rather boring and long if all the historical details were added. Unlike the book, audiences get to see and learn the life of the peasants. Although both reading the book and viewing the film helped me enhanced my understanding of the historical event, I would choose to show the film if I had to teach history to students. Reading a historical book may not be as thrilling as watching a film and students might not get adequate messages f rom the book as they are supposed to. But prior to or after viewing the film, I would teach the students some foundation and historical flaws which would help them learn the knowledge of the historical event and characters.In The Return of Martin Guerre, Davis went beyond the historical facts and tried to comprehend the possibilities behind the characters actions and pursuits. Both the film and the print amazingly delivered the historical information of the infamous case of Martin Guerre, a man who lived three years of another mans life by cheating the village of Artigat. Unlike many other historical films, Le Retour de Martin Guerre remained mostly true to the historical facts and told the audiences a fiction-like real story in the Sixteenth Century. Both mediums did excellent job informing historical occurrence to divers(prenominal) types of learners. The book allowed us to learn broader and deeper into the roots of the content and taught audiences more in-depth view of each cha racters. However, my opinion is that the film did even better job at communicating the message of the content to audiences in such a rook time limit.

Impact Of Leadership Styles

Impact Of lead Styles leading looks Transactional leading and transformational leadinghip construct gained attention over a compass point of last few decades (bass voice, 1988 1990 Bass and Avolio, 1993 Hartog, et al., 1997). fit in to Kirkpatrick Locke (1996), Transformational Leadership and Transactional Leadership some(prenominal) ar directly related with numerous work get into outcomes much(prenominal) as strain rejoicing, group murder, employees operation, and nerveal commitment. These results pick up in any(prenominal) case been tested in different look for settings (Al-Dmour Awamleh, 2002).In spite of this, the set up of managerial lead manners from transformational and transactional perspectives pay non been validated in IT firms. A key objective of this remove is to fill this k straightledge gap. This reflect provide assess the effects of transformational and transactional leaders styles on employees execution in IT firms in India. gibe to Lewis et al (1998), In the 21st century, managers and leaders atomic chip 18 expected to cope with a quickly changing world of work. Hooper Potter (2000) suggests that managers ordain have to be commensurate leaders in distinguish to transform their deal to achieve the infallible company outcomes. Ryback (1998) describes a 21st century leader as having the mightiness to demo a greater empathy and concern for people issues than his/her earlier counterparts. Managing ranges in the information technology domain remains challenging, since various global trends pay to rising complexities. Softw atomic number 18 development undertakings account for a very outsize portion of the overall IT outsourcing market. According to Dibbern et al. (2008), prior information technology seek has provided a list of possible reasons why IT offshore outsourcing projects fail to advert the initial objects and expectations of twain client and vendor. However, look is still limited traffi c with lead and anxiety of Information technology projects (Lee 2008 Mao et al. 2008). Carson et al. (2007) states that hotshot of the roughly authorised issues at heart project direction is lead. However, research about the life-or-death leadership styles counselinging on IT projects is still limited. IT projects experience high calamity rates since many years. The Standish Group reported signifi messt time and represent overruns, add to by non fully meeting quality expectations of the project sponsors (Xia and Lee 2004). The primary reason, however, are not technological, still rather managerial issues (Scott and Vessey, 2002). Sumner et al. (2005) states that to successfully implement ripe projects, strong project leaders with pukka leadership skills are essential which entrust offers the potential to contri furthere to IT project success. Durham et al. (1997) states that research has proved the importance of leadership behaviour for team potentness, and for em ployees work. According to Sumner (2000), lack of leadership or in in effect(p) leadership is among the cite hindering itemors for IT project success. IT leaders often lack inter psychealised leadership skills, because technical employees get promoted to become project leaders due to their technical knowledge, not for their people management capabilities (Rosenbaum 1991).The effect of transactional and transformational leadership style on employees executing have been validated on Health, Retail, Education and manufacturing sectors. There is a limited knowledge or research conducted on the leadership style of the project leader/team leader in the IT sector and how it affects the employees carrying out. This research postulates to investigate the coitionship in the midst of the effective team leader/ take in manager leadership style and subordinates performance. The literature review discusses the link mingled with Transformational leadership and employee performance and alike the link between transactional leadership styles and employees performance. heading of the ResearchThis study investigates the impact of transformational leadership and transactional leadership style on employees performance. The objectives of this research areEvaluation of the employees performance in relation to the transformational and transactional leadership styles.Assessing the employees preference over transformational and transactional leadership style.Finding the recommendations to improve employees performance with the befriend of transformational and transactional leadership style.Literature reviewLeadership and performanceYukl (1994) defined leadership as a social fascinate process whereby intentional influence is exerted by angiotensin converting enzyme person over former(a) people to complex body part the activities and births in a group or brass section.Max Weber is one of the major contributor of leadership and theorists to observe the parallel between th e fabrication mechanization and bureaucratic forms of organization (Morgan, 1998).According to (Bass, 1990 Morgan, 1998) , the classical theorists such as Henri Fayol and F. W. Mooney, truehearted advocates of bureaucratization in contrast to Weber, identified methods through which this kind of organizational construction could be achieved. These classical theorists set the basis for many modern management techniques. Webers concern about bureaucracy, however, did not affect theorists who set the stage for what is now known as classical management theory and scientific management (Stone et al., 2005).Scientific managers rivet on the systematic management of individual jobs while the true theorists foc apply on the design of the replete(p) organization (Stone et al., 2005).Scientific management, an approach introduced by Frederick Taylor, was technological in nature (Hersey, Blanchard, Johnson, 1996). Taylor initiated time-and-motion studies to take work tasks to improve r ole player productivity in an attempt to achieve the highest level of capability possible. He has withal been accused of viewing people as instruments or machines to be manipulated by their leaders. Under scientific management theory the function of a leader was to establish and enforce performance criteria to meet organizational goals therefore, the focus of a leader was not on the individual worker but was on the needs of the organization.Emerging theorists instigated leaders to recognize that creation were not machines and could not be treated as such. During mid-mid-forties, a smear bureaucratic shift moved everyone taking responsibility for the organizations success or failure (HeckscherDonnellon, 1994). Researchers started to examine the relationship between the leader behaviour and the other outcomes such as helper propitiation level, organizational productivity and profitability. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2011), cardinal of the first behavioural approaches to leadership were the Michigan and Ohio state studies which were conducted during 1940s and 1950s.The results of the Michigan studies suggested that there are two fundamental types of leader behaviour, job -centered and employee-centered which were presumed to be at opposite ends of a single continuum. The Ohio State studies also found two similar kinds of leadership behaviour consideration and initiating building but this research suggested that these two types of behaviour were in truth independent dimensions. These characteristics could be each high or low and were independent of one another.A bare-assed theory of organizations and leadership began to emerge based on the view that individuals operate most effectively when their needs are agreeable (Stone et al. 2005). Maslows (1959) power structure of Needs says that once a workers physiological, security, and social (intrinsic) needs were met, productivity would that be possible if the employees ego and self-actualizing (ex trinsic) needs were also met.During 1950s and 1960s, the behavioural theories came into existence. According to Bass (1990), Theorists began to consider behavioural concepts in their analysis of organizational leadership and focused to understand the relationship between a leaders actions and the following gratification and productivity. Barnard was involved in including behavioural components and his work focused on the behavioural components analysis of organizational leadership.Barnard claimed that leadership involves accomplishing goals with and through people (Bass, 1990).Subsequently, the goal of effective leadership was evolving and was moving away from classical and scientific management theories that treated workers as machines.According to (Johnson et al, 1996, p. 100), the real power centers within an organization were the interpersonal relationships that developed among working groups. Based on the liking that individuals operate most effectively when their needs are s atisfied, a new theory of leadership began to emerge. McGregor (1960) work was closely linked to behavioural theorists, providing a foundation for the future emergence of transformational leadership. McGregor Theory Y says that individuals do not essentially dislike work and, under certain(prenominal) conditions, work could actually be a source of great satisfaction (Pugh Hickson, 1993). Theory Y assumed that individuals would employ self-direction and self-control, accepting and seeking responsibility (Pugh Hickson, 1993).During 1960s, researchers adjudge that leaders did much than simply act they often had to react to proper(postnominal) situations, and thus, the situational/contingency theory of leadership evolved (Stone et al., 2005). However, in an apparent return to the one best way of leadership, recent studies on leadership have contrasted transactional leadership with transformational leadership.According to Cummings and Schwab (1973), Leadership is perhaps the most i nvestigated organisational variable that has a potential impact on employee performance. For the strength of an organization job satisfaction plays a vital role which has signifi groundworkt effect on employee performance.Walumba Hartnell (2011) suggests that the raillery performance is used to pass on the individual aptitude to be inspired, stirring, pioneering and to determinant to achieving the goals on an organization. Bass (1990) and Burns (1978) suggest that strong leaders outperform weak leaders, and that transformational leadership generates higher performance than transactional leadership. The researcher aim is to discuss whether the transformational leadership does really stimulate the employees for higher performance. From this we can close that transformational leadership stimulate higher performance.Cummings and Schwab (1973) suggest that in order for an organisation to perform an individual must set aside his personal goals, at least in part, to strive for the colle ctive goals of the organisation. Employees are of paramount importance to the achievement of any organisation and hence effective leadership enables greater participation of the entire workforce, and can also influence both individual and organisational performance (Bass, 1997 Mullins, 1999). For an effective organisation, there must be effective and stimulating relations between the people involved in the organisation (Paulus et al. 1996). It is generally accepted that the lastingness of people is largely dependent on the quality of its leadership and hence effective leader behaviour facilitates the achievement of the chase desires, which results in effective performance (Fiedler and House, 1988).Previous study results shows that there is a positive relation between satisfied employees and organization, as the performance of the satisfied employees are more productive for the organization then less satisfied employees (Ostroff,1992).Leadership is connected with employee perform ance (Ogbonna Harris 2000). The main idea of every organization is to get up employee performance. Howell, Merenda (1999) Goodwin (2001) suggested that transformational leadership plays an imperative role in channelize magnitude job satisfaction as well as role play to achieve organizations goal and employees acts.Transformational leadership correlated with subordinate skills with work worth to assess employees performance as give tongue to by Walumbwa, Avolio Zhu (2008). According to Ozaralli (2002), Organisations increase employees performance by giving empowerment to their team members. Researchers have study that the employee performance is change magnitude under the extraverted leadership when employees are passive and the result entrust be opposite if employees are proactive (Grant, Gino Hofmann, 2011). Researchers have also studied the employees performance with variety of variables. Opren (1986) observed that, satisfied employees not only be the cause of increasin g employee performance but also they dont hypothesize to get around organization. Su, Baird and Blair (2009) feels, the level of productivity leave behind be high when the employees are satisfied. According to Biswas (2009), the supporting style of manager also plays incredible role for increasing employees performance.Transformational leadership originated from charismatic leadership. House (1977) suggests that the personal characteristics of the charismatic leader allow in a high degree of self-confidence, strong moral convictions, and a movement to influence others as well as engaging in conception management behaviours to boost trust and confidence in the leader. Furthermore, the articulation of a mission, setting challenging goals, and arousing motives are also big. Burns (1978) was the first person who identified the concept of transformational leadership. He suggested that transformational leadership is observed when leaders encourage followers to boost up the level of their motivation, morals, beliefs, perceptions, and coalition with the objectives of the organization. Bass (1985) proposed a new theory of transformational leadership and outlined its components. Transformational leadership engages followers by appealing to their upper level needs and ideas that yield higher levels of follower satisfaction and performance (Bass, 1985 Bryman, 1992).According to Schepers et al. (2005), transformational leaders allow employees to think creatively and analyse the problem from numerous angles and explore new and better solutions of the problem. Gill et al. (2006) suggested that organizations can reduce job stress and burn out by applying transformational leadership.Transformational leadership focuses on more sensitive side of organizational interactions like vision, culture, value, development, teamwork, and return (Fairholm, 2001).Bass (1998) claims that by emphasizing the symbolic and expressive aspects of task goal efforts and the cardinal values involved, the transformational leader makes the difference. There are three mechanisms in Transformational Leadership Leaders give values to their subordinates, motivate their subordinates and persuade in upgrade or varying followers needs (William, Richards, Steers James, 1995).Transformational leadership is comprised of four central components. Bass (1985) suggests that Charisma is the key component of transformational leadership and it generates profound unrestrained connection between the leader and follower. According to Bass Avolio (1990) Charisma is running(a) through vision where the charismatic leader earns the respect and trust of followers, which leads to the acceptation of challenging goals. The second transformational component is inspiration where leaders provides followers with challenges and intend for engaging in shared goals and undertakings (Bass Avolio, 1990).Another major component of transformational leadership is secern consideration, the leader firs t identifies the individual needs and abilities of followers and then mentors and coaches them, and also uses delegation (Bass Avolio, 1990). The final transformational component is intellectual stimulation, the leader helps followers to think on their own and analyse problems from their personal perspectives, encourages creativity, innovation, and challenge conventional knowledge (Bass Avolio, 1990).Most of the researchers had associated transformational leadership with employees performance and job satisfaction and argued that transformational leadership can be the best predictor of employee performance (Raja Palanichamy,2011).Transformational culture boosts both the organization and the employees performance without enforcing extra burden (Schlotz, 2009). Prior researcher has demonstrated that followers who work under transformational leaders are motivated and committed which facilitates their satisfaction with jobs (Givens, 2008). Masi cook (2000) desired that transformatio nal leadership style is only the factor of increasing employee productivity.However,Parry Thomson ( 2002) claimed that it is important to adopt the appropriate leadership style for the success of an organization and examining, measure and assessing a leader do not truly assures the followers honestness in this case transformational leadership becomes inapplicable.According to Kuhnert Lewis (1987), transactional leadership is an exchange between followers and leaders desired outcomes by fulfilling the leaders interest and followers expectations, which involves promises or commitments embedded by respect and trust. Bass (2000) suggested that effective leaders accommodate the interests of their subordinates by giving contingent incentives, honour and promises for those who auspiciously succeeded in fulfilling the commitments of the leaders or the organization. On the other hand, Bryman (1992) argues that transactional leadership behaviours do not even qualify for a true leadership label because of the fact that the leader and follower agree, explicitly or implicitly, that desired follower behaviours leave alone be rewarded, while undesirable behaviours will draw out punishment. He states that since it is based on exchange, transactional leadership does not seek to motivate followers. Bass (1985) and Burns (1978) suggest that total reliance on this leadership style may cause performance and satisfaction to suffer. As modelled by Bass, transactional leadership is comprised of two fundamental dimensions contingent reward and management-by-exception. Contingent reward takes place when the leader provides rewards if followers perform in accordance with the contractor degenerate the necessary effort. In Management-by-Exception, the leader takes action only when major deviations from plans are evident.Unlike Burns (1978), Bass (1985) insists that, to be effective, leaders need to demonstrate features of both transactional and transformational leadership. HowellMer enda (1999) conducted their research on transactional and leadership in forecasting employees performance and dissolved that transactional leadership style is a positive predictor of followers performance. Gadot (2007) claimed that the transactional leadership style is weakly associated with performance. Ponce et al. (2006) Indicated that there is a potence of the transactional leadership style over transformational style. Halpin et al (2006) suggested that leadership behaviours and team performance outcomes revealed that transactional leadership behaviour is significantly related to team performance. According to Jung et al. (1999), to make transactional leadership more effective, appropriate usage of contingent reward is an important feedback to assemble expectations with followers in term of their performance.Janssen Yperen (2004) acknowledged that transactional leadership assists the efficiency by enhancing innovative job performance and job satisfaction. From this we can con clude that some authors believe that transactional leadership stimulates higher performance and some believe that it is weakly associated with performance.Empirical evidence tends to support the view that leaders will maximize their effectiveness when they exhibit both transformational and transactional behaviours (Avolio et al, 1988 Bass Yammarino, 1989).Bass and Avolio (1994) and Ristow (1998) conducted research in different environments and found that transformational leadership has a positive influence on employee performance, and therefore organisational performance. Research conducted by Pruijn and Boucher (1994) showed that transformational leadership is an extension of transactional leadership (Bass, 1997).Bass and Avolio (1994) stated that the difference between these two models is that followers of transformational leadership exhibit performance which is beyond expectations, while transactional leadership, at best, leads to expected performance .Ristow (1998) suggested tha t transactional leaders were effective in markets which were continually growing and where there was little or no competition, but this is not the case in the markets of today, where competition is fierce and resources are scarce. instigator et al. (2000) has clearly shown that transformational leaders are more effective than transactional leaders. Brand et al. (2000) showed the evidence gathered in South African retail and manufacturing sectors, and also in the armed forces of the United States, Canada and Germany, points towards the marginal impact transactional leaders have on the performance of their followers in contrast to the strong, positive effects of transformational leaders .This research has been further supported by research conducted by Ristow, et al. (1999), according to which there was a positive relationship between certain styles of leadership and organisational effectiveness within the administration of South Africa cricket. Bass and Avolio (1997) conducted resea rch on the topic of transformational and transactional leadership, an appropriate instrument was identified, called the MLQ(Multi factor leadership questionnaire).The questionnaire contains statements that signalise and measure the key aspects of leadership behaviour, and each statement in the questionnaire relates to either transactional, transformational or non-transactional leadership factors.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYType of Research material bodyThe type of research design that will be used in this study is quantifiable research design, survey method. The present study is quantitative in nature because I will use quantitative entropy which is collected through questionnaire. Then the first step of my study will be to make worth by the rigour by as its focus using positivism approach. Positivism paradigm will be used in this study is on understanding the ideology of septuple participants in their locations and work place. The survey design is chosen because it provides a quantit ative description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by poring over a adjudicate of that population. So that, it can best show the level of relation between leadership styles and employees performance.Sampling technique and measuresThe level of leadership qualities have by project managers/team leaders and the subordinates in XXXXX Company will be determined by the questionnaires distributed to a random sample of employees. because project managers/team leaders as well as their subordinates will be the participants of the study. Questionnaires will be distributed to a sample population of 50.All the questions are close-ended and are measured using Likerts Five Point scaling ranging from 1 (Never) to 5 (Always). The advantage of using close ended questions is that the results can be presented in the form of statistics and answers can be pre-coded so that the responses can be fed into a computer. Pilot survey has been conducted to check if there any problem in the questionnaire before the real investigation and the final recitation of the questionnaire has been set up. The transformational leadership is measured by the following components Idealized attributes, idealized behaviour, intellectual simulation, confidence, individual consideration and inspirational motivation. The transactional leadership is measured by the following components contingent reward and management by exception (active).The performances measured that are included in this study are extra effort, effectiveness and satisfaction.Data Collection Instruments, Variables and MaterialsAs a primary data army instrument questionnaires will be distributed to a random sample of employees. The questionnaire is alter from Multi factor Leadership Questionnaire commonly called MLQ, developed by Bass Avolio (1990). The study will also make use of secondary sources of data such as relevant books in leadership and related areas. The data will be analysed with the help of descriptiv e statistics and multiple turnaround analysis to take on out the most relevant leadership styles and relationship of these leadership styles with the selected outcomes such as extra effort, effectiveness and satisfaction.According to my opinion, the MLQ holds well in studying leadership behaviour. Previous research shows that to study the leadership behaviours most of the researchers have adopted MLQ.The MLQ is valid and reliable and has been used extensively worldwide (Bass and Avolio, 1997 Whitelaw, 2001). It has be to be a strong predictor of leader performance crossways a broad range of organisations (Bass and Avolio, 1997).The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (self-rated) is used to get paygrade of leadership behaviour and organizational effectiveness (Bass and Avolio, 2000). The MLQ is a questionnaire describing behaviour and employees performance outcomes, each rated on 5 point scale. It measure transformational, transactional leadership and employees performance out comes like satisfaction, effectiveness and extra effort. The previous researchers have used MLQ which consists of two mutations, one for the leader to complete, and one for the raters of the leaders to complete. The leaders complete a questionnaire describing their own leadership style, whilst the raters complete a questionnaire regarding the leadership style of their particularized leader. These two versions consist of exactly the same statements, except that they are written from different perspectives. These two versions are known as the leader version and rater version respectively. I would be following the same approach.Reliability and validity are the statistical criteria used to assess whether the research provides a good measure (Whitelaw, 2001).The MLQ has been tested for reliability and validity in a number of settings (Pruijnand Boucher, 1994). The MLQ (Bass Avolio 2000) is one of the widely primary instruments used and accepted to measure transformational and transact ional leadership styles.MLQ has gone through many revisions to strengthen its reliability and validity. Also more than 200 doctoral dissertations and master thesis have used the MLQ (Bass Avolio 2000). later on collecting the data from the participants then SPSS software will be used for the data analysis. After recording the data into SPSS software, descriptive statistic will be used to get the overall summary of the variables. In the table of descriptive statistic, the values of mean, Standard deviation and also the maximum and minimum values are obtained for leadership and performance variables which would define the response rate of the respondent. Descriptive statistical analyses will be performed to measure general demographic characteristics of the sample including age, gender, and years of tenure with the company. These analyses are unrelated to research questions or hypotheses but they are discretionary and exploratory in nature. The researcher believes that some of this de mographic information may be useful and if any of the data proves interest or significant in any way it may be an area for future research but it is not the focus of this study. Secondly, total scores will be analyzed. Finally to test the hypotheses framed for the relationship between dependent and independent variables and to check the value that how much change comes in dependent variable due to independent variable, multiple regression analysis will be used.

Overview of the Cuban Missile Crisis

Overview of the Cuban rocket CrisisThe Cuban missile Crisis was a period of extreme tension and meshing amid the USA and Cuba and the USSR in October 1962 it was characterized by decisions do by some(prenominal) lav F Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev. It was a 13 day event which started as a result of the USSR placing atomic weapons in Cuba in an attempt to seal off future harassment of Cuba following the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961. The Cuban Missile Crisis was by far the closest that the USA and USSR came to using thermonuclear weapons in warfare, and it was lonesome(prenominal) by tactile decision devising in a crisis that disaster was averted. A crisis is characterised by panics to major values, time urgency, ambiguity or uncertainty and surprise or uniqueness, by these characteristics, the Cuban Missile Crisis was one of the biggest crisis of the 20th century.The crisis started when following a meeting between Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev ag ree to hold nuclear missiles in Cuba. This was in response to several threats on Cuba from the USA. The Bay of Pigs invasion, though a failure displayed the USAs negative intentions to the Cuban regime and on that pointfore Castro argued that a nuclear deterrent was the besides option for the eagle-eyed term safety of Cuba. This was in like manner a part of the USSRs response to the straw man of Ameri empennage Jupiter missiles in two Tur separate and Italy, which were firmly in pose of Moscow. Following Khrushchev granting Cuba missiles, construction of the missile launch facilities started in the summer of 1962.The deployment of the missiles only came to light following photos buzz offn by a US var. Force U-2 Spy plane. The plane had assumen photos which clearly showed both specialty and intermediate range nuclear missile facilities. The photos were shown to President Kennedy on October sixteenth and he quickly organised a meeting of the National protective cover Cou ncil to discuss what options of response the US had (JFK library,1962). This is an example of decision making, where the decision pack will ingest a large and irreversible impact. There were numerous decisions and options discussed from using diplomatical channels to stuff the Cubans to carry the weapons, launch a generous surpass invasion of Cuba, Air strikes or a halt (Allison Zeilkow, 1999). While the US had the military capabilities to invade and overthrow Cuba, they feared the Soviet response. It is also of the essence(predicate) to consider the fact that it was an election year in the US, and JFK had already come under fire by Republicans for a seemingly listless line against Cuba and they did not want to appear tripping or claustrophobic of the combined threat of Cuba and the Soviets. This had led to President Kennedy stating before gaining the knowledge of weapons in Cuba that if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the united St ates the United States would act (Peters Wooley, 1962). This had in effect already forced his subsection he did not want to appear to substantiate down from his promises. In the cease the US decided to conduct a naval block against Cuba, one of the main reasons for this decision was it made the US appear stiff, whilst not forcing the Soviets hand or seemingly overly aggressive. Another key outlook in this is the legal ramifications of a arrest. Under international law, a abash of another nation is considered to be an act of war, however lawyers at the referee and State Department found a loophole that avoided the US from issuing a potentially contentious declaration of war. Using the Rio treaty a dissolving agent from the Organization of American states allowed the US from having to declare war upon Cuba, which the Soviets would have objected to (Allison and Zelikow, 1999). The blockade was instead termed as a quarantine of offensive weapons. (May, 2012).President Kennedy formally announced the blockade on 22 October in which he declared It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an approach path by the Soviet Union on the United States, requiring a to the full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union (United Press,2010).The international response was overtake with the globe realising that they had never been closer to the use of nuclear weapons, and if they were deployedby both the US and the Soviets, there would be worldwide destruction never seen before on such a scale. During this period it is reported not only was there a Cuban invasion force stationed and ready in Florida plainly also 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles ready to take off, and the go across of b-52 bombers were on continuous airborne alert, the US it is clear was preparing for a full scale war on a scale not seen since the overthrow of WW2 (Kamps, 2007).On October 24 Soviet ships that were headed for Cuba caused panic when they neared the line of US ships which were actively enforcing the Cuban blockade. However the Soviet ships stopped just short of the blockade, requiring no action from the US. If they had attempted to breach the blockade, it could have easily led to a military confrontation. A further escalation in the crisis was on October 27, when an American detective plane was shot down over Cuba.Despite this overwhelming pressure which seemed to give no sign of slowing down or de-escalating a way was found out of the crisis which avoided a military conflict between the US and Soviets. Throughout the crisis Kennedy and Khrushchev had been communicating and when the crisis was near breaking point, the US told the Brazilian government to pass on a message to Cuba that it would be unconvincing that the US would invade Cuba if they removed the missiles (National Security Archive, 2011). What followed was a personal garner from Khrushchev written on 26th October which offered a way out of the stalemate, if the US declared they will not invade Cuba then the Soviets would leave and remove the missiles. However the next day Khrushchev sent another allowter which express they would remove the missile bases in Cuba only if the US removed missiles from both Turkey and Italys As the two offers differed President Kennedy said he would accept the first one, this would also be a lot more(prenominal) favourable his popularity in the US. What followed were intense negotiations between both US and Soviet dignitaries in Washington.Eventually a deal was reached and the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles from Cuba and to take them back to Russia whilst Kennedy secretly agreed to dismantle weapons bases in both Italy and Turkey. The crisis was over.What the Cuban Missile Crisis is, is an example is of leadership and decision making in a crisis. It was a period of extreme tension, the wrong decision could lead to nuclear war, yet a clea r headed and rational decision still had to be made. The decisions that President Kennedy made were made only after looking at the effects both on the world stage and also back in the US. It was a senate election year and President Kennedy couldnt let any decision he made bleachedenhis position in the idea of the electorate. Yet he also had to way up the potential desolate impact if the crisis escalated because he wanted to appear strong against the Cuban and Soviet threat. Kennedy had already come under pressure from Republicans, for having a supposedly weak stance on Cuba, so reaching any form of compromise was unthinkable to the Cuban hawks in the Republicans. What this clearly shows is the sheer complexity of the knowledge base that Kennedy had to assume his decision in. He had to de-escalate the conflict, which required compromise on his part, whilst appearing strong and not to give in to the Soviet threat. That he managed to do that, and was considered by many at the time to have win the crisis is remarkable.We can analyse several of the decisions made by Kennedy, how to respond to the threat and how to deal with the de-escalation of the crisis.When deciding how to respond to the crisis Kennedy and his advisors had to weigh up several key and important factors. As previously mentioned there were several ideas and options to choose from when responding to the initial discovery of missiles in this early stage in the crisis of mounting tension. If the US did nothing, as it was high unlikely that Cuba would use them unprovoked considering the Soviets knew they did not have the same firepower or amount of nuclear warheads as the US, then the crisis would potentially fade away without requiring a military response. However several Republicans had already been criticising Kennedy for being too lenient to Cuba, if it came public that Kennedy did nothing when a nuclear weapon was found 90 miles of the coast of Florida he would appear weak and his leadership credibility would be in tatters.The other extreme would be an escalation of the crisis, either an air-strike or full scale military invasion. While this would sure enough win him support back home, it is highly unlikely that the Soviets would not also respond with force, thus starting war between the US and the Soviets. to a fault President Kennedys allies in the UK, France and in the wider international community would receive that the US went into war too quickly when there was a diplomatic route out of the crisis, thus it would cost him support from his allies. Therefore we can see that the blockade was a good strategic decision for Kennedy to take. It made the US appear strong, meeting the crisis head on, without looking brash and escalating the conflict. get on as previously mentioned there was a legal precedent for it. consequently it is clear this was a good decision to take under the dowery and time pressure. Kennedy had analysed the impact his decision would have in t he US, to the Soviets and Cuba as soundly as the wider international community. The blockade made the US look strong but not overly aggressive and more importantly it located the impetus on Khrushchev to make the next decision to escalate or de-escalate the crisis.Another example of good decision making in the Cuban missile crisis was Kennedys decision to accept the removal of missiles in Cuba public, whilst keeping the US withdrawal of missiles in Turkey and Italy secret. He accurately judged how far Khrushchev would stretch diplomatically and calculated that he could create an end to the crisis whilst appearing to have stood firm in the face of Soviet onslaught and have forced Khrushchev back down from the US. This was a decision he took after weighing up the options and potential benefits and drawbacks. Kennedy therefore was able to make a clear decision despite threats to major values, large scale uncertainty and a lack of time to concretely analyse all(prenominal) potential outcome of a decision. What inevitably stopped this crisis from escalating into war tour other similar crises have ended in warfare is the exponent and will of both the Soviets and the US to compromise.In conclusion, we can see that overdue to decision making a crisis that could have easily ended up in nuclear warfare, ended up with a diplomatic solution. The only reason war was avoided was the rational decision making abilities of a a few(prenominal) key players. President Kennedy had to de-escalate a crisis whilst still maintaning control of the situation. That he was able to do this and appear successful both on the world stage and back home is commendable and down to his ability to make clear and calculated desicions under pressure. The US enjoyed the press coverage of a victorious nation and in the senate election that followed the Democrats won three seats, so we can see this as a vote of confidence in the Democrats and Kennedy following the missile crisis. What becomes c lear from studying the Cuban Missile Crisis is how important pursuing the correct strategy when attempting to de-escalate a crisis and the need for crisis managers to take rational decisions in face of extreme pressure. Here the pressure or consequences could not have been greater, yet disaster was avoided by the actions and decision making abilities of crisis managers.ReferencesAllison, Graham Zelikow, Philip. (1999). Essence of Decision Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. New York Addison Wesley Longman.John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. (1962). Off the Record Meeting on Cuba The whiteness House. Washington D.C.Kamps, Charles. (2007). The Cuban Missile Crisis. Air Space Power, (3), 88.May, Ernest. (2012, February 7). John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Retrieved from http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/kennedy_cuban_missile_01.shtmlthreeNational Security Archive. (2011). October 26, 1962 to November 15, 1962. The Cuban Missile Crisis.Author.Peter s, Gerhard Woolley, John.(1962). John F Kennedy. 378-The Presidents News Conference. Santa Barbara, CA The American giving medication Project. University of Californa.United Press International. (2010, April 22). Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Year In Review. Retrieved from http//www.upi.com/ muniment/Audio/Events-of-1962/Cuban-Missile-Crisis

Theories of planned behavior: Smoking

Theories of planned conduct potTo examine if the possible action of Planned Behavior (TPB) annunciate take behaviour, 35 data sets (N= 267,977) stool been synthesized, containing 219 effect sizes amongst the cast variables using a meta-analytic structural equation stupefying approach (MASEM). Consistent with the TPBs predictions, 1) hummer behavior was related to dope marks (weighted retrieve r =.30), 2) intentions were based on attitudes (weighted mean r =.16) and subjective norms (weighted mean r =.20). Consistent with TPBs hypotheses, comprehend behavioural control was related to fume intentions (weighted mean r = -.24) and behaviors (weighted mean r =-.20) and it contribute fundamentally to cig atomic number 18tte consumption. The strength of associations, however, was bringd by studies and participants characteristics.Smoking stiff the leading preventable cause of death and disease in horse opera countries. Despite the constant reduction in smoke prevalence a mong adults everyplace the last 20 years in developed countries, smoking judge tolerate not decreased among young people, and the highest youth smoking trim can be lay out in Central and Eastern Europe.In an attempt to understand the psycho complaisant determinants of smoking initiation and maintenance, a variety of sociable cognitive models imbibe been applied. One of the most influential theories predicting smoking behavior, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) 1has been apply both for conducting a wide range of trial-and-error re explore on smoking behavior antecedents and for formulaing many theory-based intervention programs to reduce baccy consumption. An increasing number of empirical studies suck examined this model in relation to smoke and the variability of results suggests that a denary integration of this literature would prove valuable. Up to the present, various quantitative limited reviews of the TPB have been performed but centered in opposite behaviou ral outcomes, as exercise, 2 condom use 3 and others. Hence, the purpose of this study was to try the success of TPB as a predictor of smoking behavior finished meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM), involving the techniques of synthesizing correlativity matrices and qualified SEM as suggested by Viswesvaran and Ones. 4The TPB, an extension of the Theory of Reas championd Action,5 incorporates both social captures and own(prenominal) factors as predictors, specifying a limited number of psychological variables that can influence a behavior, namely 1) intention 2) attitude 3) subjective norm (SN) and 4) perceived behavioral control (PBC). 1 First, subjective norms are conceptualized as the push that people perceive from important others to execute a behavior. Second, peoples positive or negative evaluations of their performing a behavior are conceptualized as other predictor of intention (attitudes). Third, PBC represents adepts evaluation about the easy or worr y of adopting the behavior and it is assumed to reflect the obstacles that one encountered in past behavioral performances. Finally, attitudes, SN and PBC are proposed to influence behavior through their influence on intentions, which summarize persons motivation to act in a particular expression and indicate how hard the person is entrusting to try and how much prison term and effort he or she is willing to devote in rove to perform a behavior. 6The TPB has been applied through a germane(predicate) measuring rod of primary studies and their predictive utility has been proved meta-analytically both for a wide range of behaviors 7, 6 and for specific health risky or health protective behaviors. 3, 2 These previous meta-analyses, however, have neither examined how helpful the TPB is to predict smoking behavior, nor the overall structure of the model applied to tobacco consumption. Hence, some concerns remain relating to TPB and its utility to predict smoking behavior that dese rves supercharge exam through MASEM.Firstly, a weakness of the SN-intention relation has been found by previous meta-analysis 7 compared with attitude-intention and PBC-intention associations. It has been suggested that this lack of association indicates that intentions are influenced primarily by personal factors 6. In spite of, some primary studies finding bulletproof beta determine, ranging from .44 to .62, for attitude on smoking intention such as Hanson, 8 while others founded values near .18 or .19. 9, 10 At the same while, although re take careers have theorized about the importance of PBC in this domain, regarding health-risky behaviors, the correlation among PBC and behavior had sometimes been disappointing. 3 One possible news report is that PBC fairthorn not capture actual control. Other is that risky behaviors performed in social contexts may be more determined by risky-conducive circumstances than by personal factors. 11 Moreover, primary studies on smoking be havior have found contrasting results for PBC -behavior, such as r =.55 12 or r =.06. 13 base on these discrepant findings, we proposed, as a first purpose of this review, to audition the strength of relationships between TPB constructs applied to smoking behavior.Secondly, in order to clarify the influence of moderator variables and to provide further explanation for the variability on the effect sizes (ES) between primary studies, some studies and participants characteristics may be taken into account. Ajzen and Fishbein 5 argued that intention and behavior should be write in coded as close in time as possible to the behavior. In spite of that, primary studies on smoking behavior 14, 15 have found that beta values for intention- behavior association have been kept up(p) during six months (=.38), nine months (=.35) and a year (=.35). Thus, it is important to quantitatively review the moderator effect of time detachment on strength of TPB constructs.It has been recognized that culture provides a social context that affects prevalence of certain(prenominal) behaviors. Moreover, some studies have compared results of TPB applied to smoking behavior by using diverse heathenish groups into the USA, such as Hanson, 8 while a great sum up of primary studies have expanded their applicability to different heathenish contexts. 16, 15, 10 These studies have revealed contradictory results, such as for Puerto-Ricans and non-Hispanic whites, SN was not found as a significant predictor of intention, 8 while it was significant for African-American teen developrs, or beta values for SN-behavior ranging from =.20 for UK samples 17 to =.43 for Netherlanders students. 18 Hence, because of cultural differences with respect to the SN-outcomes association, there is a need to meta-analytically examine the moderator effect of culture.Ajzen and Fishbein 5 and Ajzen 19 also recommended scale residual of measures for intention to properly predict behavior. However, meta-analy sis on TPB applied to exercise behavior have found that tho 50% of examined studies had scale correspondence, 20 and that ES was the strongest for the intention-behavior association when studies had scale correspondence. 2 Based on these previous findings, we contend that a thorough examination of moderator effect of scale correspondence on strength of smoking intention and behavior relationships is needed.Research indicates that teenage years are associated with heightened sensitivity to SN 6 and differences have been found in previous meta-analyses between age groups regarding their intention -exercise behavior association. 2 At the same time, only one study has tested gender differences habituateing TPB to cigarette smoking, 13 founding that the model fitted better among female students. Despite the fact that no consistent severalise has been found relating to the moderator effect of age and gender on the TPB constructs association, we state that an exploratory analysis would be advisable.Thirdly, while previous studies on TPB on smoking behavior had used stepwise regression analyses, more recent ones apply SEM or path-analyses. When all TPB relationships were tested simultaneously, same patterns would change. For instance, after controlling the influence of intention, the PBC- behavior association would turn to negligible values (=.05), such as Albarracn et al 3 proved for condom use. Moreover, based on the fruitful results of meta-analysis obtained in many question domains, 3, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 it can be beneficial to use meta-analytic structural equation modeling techniques (MASEM) in interrogation causal models, such as some authors suggested. 4, 26Based on these methodological and conceptual issues, the main objective of this meta-analysis was threefold. The first objective was to test the strength of the relationships between the TPB constructs with the smoking behavior. Specifically, we hypothesized (1) large ES for intention-behavior, PBC-int ention, PBC-behavior, and attitude -intention (2) chairman ES for SN- intention (3) larger ES for intention-behavior than for PBC-behavior and (4) larger ES for PBC-intention and SN-intention than for attitude-intention. The irregular purpose was to test the influence of moderator variables on the relationships between the TPB constructs. Specifically, we proposed (5) larger ES for attitude- behavior, PBC- behavior, SN-behavior, and intention-behavior when measures have been taken simultaneously (6) larger ES when the time interval was presentlyer (7) the largest ES for SN-intention and SN- behavior when participants belong to a collectivist culture, coded as Others into the menage origin of the sample (8) larger ES for attitude- intention, SN-intention, PBC-intention and intention -behavior when constructs have been mensural with scale correspondence and (9) mean age of the sample, dowry of males and year of result would moderate the relationships among TPB constructs. The t hird purpose was to test the predictive utility of TPB on smoking behavior through MASEM analyses. Specifically, we hypothesized that (10) intention and PBC will predict smoking behavior (11) attitude, PBC, and SN will predict intention and (12) intention will be a stronger predictor of behavior than PBC.MethodLiterature searchIn order to locate relevant studies, we conducted a computerized bibliographic search of the PsycInfo, MedLine, ERIC, using the terms smoke, smoking behavior, nicotine, tobacco consumption, and TPB as keywords. We also conducted a manual search of journals that regularly published smoking behavior research. descendant searches have been conducted based on the references persona of retrieved studies specifically previous TPB meta-analyses including eight-fold behavioral outcomes- and some authors have been contacted to obtain unpublished papers. This processes resulted in 52 studies retrieved in full text to further screening.Inclusion and exclusion criteri aA study was considered for this meta-analysis if it met the following inclusion criteria (1) the study had to report quantitative research on TPB applied to smoking behavior (2) the study had to report a Pearson correlation coefficient between TPB constructs or data that enable us to calculate ES. Upon closer examination of the remaining 52 studies, a total of 27 studies were included which provided an amount of 35 independent samples (N= 267,977) and 219 ES. A total amount of 25 studies were excluded. Reasons for elimination have been that TPB construct measures were not included (8 studies), i.e. 27, or that the studies were focused on smoking cessation instead of on smoking behavior (17 studies), i.e. 28, 29. Only one dissertation has been included and no unpublished papers have been obtained. The studies that focused on smoking cessation have been excluded because the outcome variable in the model-smoking behavior versus smoking cessation-differs substantially. These studies wi ll be used to conduct a separate meta-analysis on smoking cessation. solely the included studies are marked with an asterisk in the reference section. secret writing of studiesThe study characteristics coded were year of publication, origin of the sample, scale correspondence, and time interval between TPB measures. The subject characteristics coded were the number or participants, mean age of the sample, and gender (as percentage of men in the sample). We consider relevant to code how smoking behavior was assessed (i.e., objective vs. self-report.) but we could find only one study which used objective measures, as CO (carbon monoxide) tests. 30 Following the procedures of Symons and Hausenblas, 2 the time interval between intention and behavior was examined by classifying the studies as (1) short (less than or equal to six months), (2) medium (greater than six months and less than or equal to one year), (3) large (greater that one year). Regarding scale correspondence, we examined the method section of each study in search of the detailed information. Such as Symons and Hausenblas suggested 2, scale correspondence has been fulfilled when the same magnitude, frequencies or response formats are used to assess the constructs. If intention and behavior were measured exactly with the same items, we considered that scale equivalence was present. If intention was measured with a broader redaction (i.e. How certain are you that you could resist smoking this term?) while behavior was assessed by a more detailed item (i.e. How many cigarettes did you smoke per sidereal day?), or by asking participants to classify themselves as non-smoker/current-smoker, we considered that scale correspondence has not been fulfilled.In order to ensure accuracy, the studies were coded by two authors independently, orbit an intercoder agreement of 90%. The level of agreement reached was highly satisfactory and inconsistencies were solve by consensus. Some decisions about independence of the samples were taken. If the same study design was carried out in multiple but independent samples (i. e, boys and girls, asthmatic and no-asthmatic students, African-American, Puerto Rican and Non-Hispanic white teenagers) results were entered into the meta-analysis as independent samples. 8, 18, 13 In other cases, only one ES per study has been considered.Data analysisWe followed Hedges and Oldkins 31 meta-analytic fixed do procedures to estimate weighted mean correlations. In these procedures, correlations were converted using Fishers r to z transformations and weighted by N 3, the inverse of which is the variance of z, in analyses. Using Cohens criteria, 32 ES values of .10, .30 and .50 were considered small, moderate and large effects, respectively. in writing(p) procedures were used to explore the skewness of data. When an extreme value was detected, analyses were carried both including and excluding the outlier. Next, we tested the homogeneity of the ES (Q statistics) and we canvas the influence of moderator variables using categorical model (ANOVA analogous) and weighted regression analyses (fixed-effect model). One problem in the interpretation of meta-analytic results is the capableness bias of the mean ES due to sampling error or to systematic omission of studies that are hard to locate. According to Orwin, 33 the security deposit index of null results should be calculated and there must be more than 300 unpublished studies (and not recovered by the meta-analyst) for the results to be annulled. However, this statement should be qualified because the index by categories yields small values in some of these categories. Therefore, we can conclude that publication bias is not very likely to threaten the results severely.MASEM analysesMeta-analytic structural equation modeling, which involves the techniques of synthesizing correlation matrices and fitting SEM, is usually done by applying meta-analytic techniques on a series of correlation matr ices to create a pooled correlation matrix, which then can be analyzed using SEM, as suggested Viswesvaran and Ones. 4 However, these procedures have received criticism by Becker (1992) and more recently by Cheung and Chan. 26 Despite some problems, the major advantage of these univariate approaches are their ease of application in applied contexts. Based on these recommendations, we used Viswesvaran and Ones procedure to test the strength of the association among the TPB constructs with smoking behavior. The complete weighted correlation matrix was 5 x 5 and it was submitted to SEM analyses. The predicted model was fitted assuming the harmonic mean (N= 239) as sample size, 4 and it was estimated with unweighted least squares procedures. The proposed model, according to TPB literature, had three exogenous latent variables and two endogenetic ones, such as depicted Figure 1. Besides chi-square, we reported faithfulness of Fit Index (GFI), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI), no rmative Fit Index (NFI), and Root Mean Squared Residual (RMR) as fitness indices. It is typically assumed that GFI, AGFI, and NFI =.90, RMR values

Multiculturalism In Canada :: Immigration, Ethnic Diversity

Multiculturalism is a split up of any country.There atomic number 18 Jews in Germany,Poles in Ireland, Asians in Canada and so on. I believe multiculturalism is agood idea. It provides a wealth of cultural activities, foods, and unlikeviews of life. No one is really a true Canadian too the native people. Weare all disrupt of a vast night club we call Canada. In Canada we pride ourselves inbeing a mosaic, so to speak,unlike the United States where they are a so calledmelting pot so that if it doesnt fit they make it fit where as we change toadapt.The many cultures subsisting in Canada keep created a spicy culturalexperience. An instance is our hereditary pattern Day celebrations where we celebrate ourvarious diversities. Did you love that the most commonly speak language inVancouver is Mandarin Chinese and other dialects of Chinese? tribe may beshocked solely its true because we are a on the loose(p) country and allow loads ofimmigrants in. The fact is that we may have to close our doors to immigrantsbecause sooner or subsequent the social system leave alone break down. We get out not beregarded as the great free country that accepts so many immigrants.Although Ihope we do not come to this point,I fear it provide happen. lyric poem is a part ofmulticulturalism. show of this can be found in some many cities and towns.You will see signs in English or French and under them, you will see German ,Japanese ,Arabic etc..Other examples of this are newspapers and mediaproductions in varying languages. plenty that have a choice as to where theywant to immigrate to , commonly choose Canada because Canada is a great domicile tolive according to U.N. statistics. slightly people dont like multiculturalism and form cults, an example ofwhich is the KKK. They are dead readiness against black people and believe in whiteMulticulturalism In Canada Immigration, ethnic DiversityMulticulturalism is a part of any country.There are Jews in Germany,Poles in Ir eland, Asians in Canada and so on. I believe multiculturalism is agood idea. It provides a wealth of cultural activities, foods, and differentviews of life. No one is really a true Canadian besides the native people. Weare all part of a vast society we call Canada. In Canada we pride ourselves inbeing a mosaic, so to speak,unlike the United States where they are a so calledmelting pot so that if it doesnt fit they make it fit where as we change toadapt.The many cultures existing in Canada have created a rich culturalexperience. An example is our Heritage Day celebrations where we celebrate ourvarious diversities. Did you know that the most commonly spoken language inVancouver is Mandarin Chinese and other dialects of Chinese? People may beshocked but its true because we are a free country and allow lots ofimmigrants in. The fact is that we may have to close our doors to immigrantsbecause sooner or later the social system will break down. We will not beregarded as the great free coun try that accepts so many immigrants.Although Ihope we do not come to this point,I fear it will happen. Language is a part ofmulticulturalism. Evidence of this can be found in some many cities and towns.You will see signs in English or French and under them, you will see German ,Japanese ,Arabic etc..Other examples of this are newspapers and mediaproductions in varying languages. People that have a choice as to where theywant to immigrate to , usually choose Canada because Canada is a great place tolive according to U.N. statistics.Some people dont like multiculturalism and form cults, an example ofwhich is the KKK. They are dead set against black people and believe in white

Honda CRX :: miscellaneous

Honda CRXThe CRX has been a fomite way ahead of its magazine and a best seller for Honda for over twenty long time since it was rootage introduced in 1985. It was inevitable from the start that there would be a reintroduction of integrity of the most sophisticated models ever introduced by Honda.Honda for over ten years has been seriously considering the redevelopment into the spic-and-span concept version of the CRX. This vehicle would acquit similar past qualities, such as be a twain seated hatchback and containing a spacious and luxurious interior as well as incorporating the technology of the future. The early models of the CRX were split into two extensions, the reintroduction being the third multiplication. The first off generation manufactured in 1985 until 1987 featured new technology and styling never before seen on the automotive market. Introduced with threesome wedge shape models the HF, DX, and SI, all contained different engines, transmissions, styling, and performance specifications as shown on the chart enclosed. This first generation CRX was an odd addition to the car market collectable to their narrow size and all around out(prenominal) boxy look. The second generation introduced in 1988-1991 was to a fault broken off into three milling machinery models due to performance enhancements. The exterior was still the basic box shape, that with a more sleek and appealing body style than of its first generation production.The new CRX concept vehicle, being the third generation, leave behind contain study upgrades while still trying to keep the ingenious styling of past generations. The exterior will still contain the basic two door hatchback look, but will incorporate a more flowing and veer body style, leaving the boxy look of the past behind. The biggest upgrade of the CRX would halt to be its engine. While more economical than in the past, it will also be a more desired engine for sport heavyset enthusiasts. Honda will be lea ving behind the standard 1.5 liter contained in all past generations and will be offering two sub models, each containing a different engine. The entry level vehicle will contain a 1.0 liter DOHC (dual overhead cam) VTEC housed in a three piston chamber base, producing anywhere from 85-100 horsepower. The upgraded version will contain a real awaited and anticipated 1.6 liter DOHC VTEC in a four cylinder base producing about 150-200 horsepower. These numbers to most seem very low, but are very surprising when considering the overall weight distribution of the vehicle is only 1762.

The Hero of Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

The Hero of hamlet Hamlet, the hero of Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet, stands head and shoulders preceding(prenominal) all the other characters in the play he is that noble in thought and action. This essay will portray the true and complete Hamlet. As the future fag of Denmark, the hero is expected to maintain a broad(a) working relationship with the present king, Claudius. precisely this is not so. Even sooner the apparition of the ghost, Hamlet has a very sour relationship with his uncle and stepfather, Claudius. Marchette jump out in The Story Told in Hamlet describes this attitude on the secernate of the protagonist Hamlet is still wearing black in lament for his fathers death, and his uncle chides him gently for what he feels is an undue show of grief. But the king can get no answer from Hamlet, who throws him one picture sentence and then addresses all his remarks to his mother and it is his mother, the queen, who persuades him not to go covert to the university again but to stay at Elsinore (35-36). Chute describes the opening sentiment of the drama For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the minute of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the dead king of Denmark, Hamlets father. . . . The hour comes, and the ghost walks (35). Horatio and Marcellus exit the ramparts of Elsinore intending to enlist the economic aid of Hamlet. There is a social gathering of the court, where Claudius pays tribute to the memory of his dead person brother, the former king, and then conducts some items of business. Hamlet is there dressed in black, the color of mourning, for his deceased father. His first words say that Claudius is A elflike more than kin ... ...World of Hamlet. Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. spick-and-span York Oxford University P., 1967. Rosenberg, Marvin. Laertes An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ Univ. of Delaware P., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The cataclysm of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. Hamlet A Man Who Thinks Before He Acts. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. LaMar. N. p. Pocket Books, 1958.

Performance Based Pay for Teachers Essay -- Education Tests

It is the mark of an educated wit to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it.-AristotleOn February 17, 2009, the Ameri tail assembly Recovery and Reinvestment Act was signed into law (US Dept of Education). According to the administrator Summary of the US Department of Educations website the purpose of this lick was to stimulate the economy, create jobs, and provide funding for education. To encourage education put right at the state level, the competitive grant program, Race to the Top, was implemented. This allowed states to apply for grants, provided that certain(p) education reform was taking place indoors states schools. One fussy condition under this campaign has led to much debate within our education system, implementing a pay system based on a teachers academic execution and the methods used to determine this (US Dept of Education). on that point are many ways to compile data on a teacher and determine that persons exertion. Teacher performance can be based upon classroom observation, a teachers go on development and education, and bookmans standardized testing scores. The controversy centers around using student test scores to determine the performance of a teacher and and then her pay. Scott Andes, a research analyst at the Information Technology and cosmos Foundation voices the merits of performance based pay with his article Getting unspoiled with Education Why Can We Measure Students but not Teachers? lavishly School English teachers, Jordan Kohanim and Ashley Ulrich vehemently state why there is no merit with performance based pay with their article, No moral excellence to be Pay Arguments. In each article both sides debate how performance based or merit pay will affect students, teachers, schools, and com... ...ides to issue forth together and implement a plan for better practices in assessing the performance of the nations teachers and its students. Works Cited Race to the Top Executive Summary. US Department of Education Website. 20 Semptember 2010. Web . 2009. 16 November 2010Andes, Scott. Getting grievous About Education Why Can We Measure Students But Not Teachers? Progressive Fix Website. 28 July 2010. .16 November 2010Aristotle. QuoteWorld.org. 2010. Web. . 16 November 2010Kohanim, Jordan and Ashley Ulrich. Teachers No Merit to Merit Pay Arguments. Atlanta Journal-Constitution Website. 28 February 2010. Web. .16 November 2010

compost :: essays research papers

Compost is an easy solution to eliminating the waste that our surround brings, while at the same time, providing many benefits to us, and the environment. By using convert, it improves our localize growth by enriching the terra firma that it drinks its nutrients from. It helps us avoid buying soil amendments such as peat, bark mulch and bagged manure. Compost also loosens the impenetrable clay that is in our soil, while improving the capacity to hold water and adding essential nutrients.Not only benefiting us, our involvement in making compost benefits the environment also. As if we already dont have generous garbage filling our landfills, we certainly dont need our molar concentration waste to waste any more space when we can so easily handle it ourselves. Compost helps reduce the volume it could contribute to landfills. wherefore put it into the earth that way, when we can enrich it by turning our stride waste into a natural fertilizer? It also helps prevents us from pur chasing pesticides and chemical fertilizers that could further damage the environment and the animals around us.Compost is real easy all that is needed is approximately fresh yard detritus and rain. By yard debris, it includes the following grass clippings, leaves, flowers, weeds, twigs, sawdust, eggshells and dryer lint. What we DO not want to compost is dairy products, meat scraps, animal fats, bones, dog and cat-o-nine-tails feces and diseased plants or fruits. These materials may attract dogs, rats or otherwise animals. They may also develop an unpleasant odor during decomposition bay window plants heavily laden with seeds might be better left place of the compost pile if the compost is to be returned to the garden. Even though some seeds are killed during composting, there is the chance that some seeds will survive and make out an unnecessary weed problem.There are tumultuous and fall methods of composting. The swiftness that compost forms all numerates on the carbon -to-nitrogen ratio, surface area of particles, aeration, moisture, and temperature. Controlling these factors along with frequent turning of the compost speeds up the process. The fast composing methods depend on use of turning units. They can create good compost in less than six weeks, depending on how the compost pile is managed. The materials for fast composting should be added in larger quantities than many small amounts. In the slow method, material may be added to the enclosure at any time.

Decision Making by Criminals Essay -- Rational Choice Criminology Essa

Decision Making by Criminals The issue of whether decision making by culpables is a rational impact is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the exercise of choice. Before the classical civilise of criminology, crime was thought to be the crossing of the paranormal occurrence of demons, witches, ghouls, and other creatures. The time prior to the classical naturalize of criminology, called the preclassical era, is divided in two parts. Before the time of state preventive into private matters, each individual dealt with violations of their rights. This was a problem because of the continuous rack of violence being perpetuated. Soon the State (and even the Church) took on the undertaking of dispensing law and order to the masses of the Middle Ages. This led to a spot called the Holy Inquisition which lasted from the twelfth century to the eighteenth century. During the Holy Inquisition, penalisation that was harsh and capricious was the norm. Also, there was no protection against bogus allegations, meaning, the core group of proof was on the accused to prove his/her innocence.The classical aim of criminology was a response to the harsh times of the Holy Inquisition. It was a product of the Enlightenment, pursuance to replace the notions of the divine rights of royalty and clergy with rationalism, intellectualism, and humanitarianism. The two chief ambassadors of the classical school of criminology are Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Beccaria is widely recognized as the father of the classical school of criminology. In his essay Dei deliti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishment), Beccaria asserted that humans are rational, throw off free will, and are hedonistic. He also claimed that crime can be prevented by convincing warnings of punishments. To succeed in preventing crime, certainty, severity, and celerity of punishment mustiness be present. Jeremy Bentham embraced the utilitarian philosophy of re placing harsh and capricious punishments with gracious punishments and protection against bogus allegations. The classical school of criminology was the foundation of the modern whitlow justice system in the Western world. Criminal law and criminal procedure now assume that people are rational actors, thank to the classical school of criminology. In addition, penalties for crime became more humane and policing dark to ... ...minology Explaining Crime and Its Context 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., 2004Exum, M. Lyn. ?The Application and Robustness of the thinking(prenominal) Choice Perspective in the Study of Intoxicated and Angry Intentions to Aggress.? Criminology. Nov. 2002. Vol. 40 matter 4, p933.Frank, Robert H. ?Commitment Problems in the surmise of Rational Choice.? Texas Law Review. Jun. 2003. Vol. 81 Issue 7, p1789.McCarthy, Bill. ?New Economics of Sociological Criminology.? Annual Review of Sociology. 2002. Vol. 28 Issue 1, p417.Mendes, Silvia M . ?Certainty, Severity, and Their Relative Deterrent Effects Questioning the Implications of the image of Risk in Criminal Deterrence Policy.? Policy Studies Journal. 2004. Vol. 32 Issue 1, p59.Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Pasternoster. ?Personal Capital and Social Control The Deterrence Implications of a Theory of Individual Differences in Criminal Offending.? Criminology. Nov. 1994. Vol. 32, Issue 4, p. 581.Wood, Peter B. and David C. May. ?Racial Differences in Perceptions of the Severity of Sanctions A comparison of Prison with Alternatives.? Justice Quarterly. Sep. 2003. Vol. 20, Issue 3, p. 605

Educational Philosophy :: Education Teaching Teachers Essays

statemental Philosophy If you do not delineate a difference, then what have you made? This question has guided me in my pursuit of life, not simply my pursuit of a career. Simply put, the luff is that being an educator is so much more than recording grades or getting a student through school. When a person begins to locomote educated, then that persons life has begun. It starts as soon as we come into this world and continues throughout adulthood until we take our last breath. Education comes in all forms and from different forces. People tramp be influenced in several different ways, whether it was by friends on the streets or criminals made notable by the media, or a t separatelyer who took the time to care. In each of those cases, an educational force of some sort got through to them. I motivation to teach. I want to guide. I want to be a post model. Most importantly, I want to make a difference. Looking endorse at my high school days, the period in my life when I h ad no clue of what path I wanted to follow, I can recognize the direction that began its pull on me. Before I mum that Socrates was more than a name, philosophy was slyly pulling me towards the path I am now on. I remember several times fair standing and looking at my fellow students. I would stare and enterprise to imagine 5, 10, 15 years down the road. What would become of them? Who would be a doctor, a lawyer, dentist, actor/actress? Then it hit me. Who would end up in jail? How many would grow up to become criminals and lead a life of crime? These thoughts seemingly came out of the blue and to this day I am not sure why I thought of such things at the time. Regardless of the reason, it was at that point that I began my journey towards comme il faut an educator, towards making a difference. I consider my philosophy to be an eclectic blend of several different theories and philosophies. But by far I like the Socratic method the best. Personally, I feel I am able to learn t o my full potential by using it. acquirement by asking questions makes sense to me and I think if I take hold this method to my teaching goals that I will be successful.

Images of Life and Death in Bavarian Gentians Essay -- Bavarian Gentia

Images of Life and Death in Bavarian Gentians As the last few days of summertime fade away, and Septembers blockade brings promises of a cold, sad autumn, the feast of Michaelmas has come and g one, and one tush not help but be reminded of D. H. Lawrences Bavarian Gentians, a poem that commences by reminiscing of the sad days at the end of September, when summer has finally dead person along with its intoxicating and life-giving breath. Like the days that separate summer from autumn, Lawrences poem, one of his last, is a sad and dreamy read. It seduces audiences with its slow dance with aristocratic last. It speaks to students with its melancholic passion. It breathes life into the last days before death. A death that comes from tuberculosis is never sudden. The disease progresses slowly until it gradually overcomes its victim, who must hold off with a tragic patience for that final moment. At the end of The conjury Mountain, Thomas Mann speaks parting words to his protagoni st that speak for the ravages of TB and its about inevitable force, The wicked dance in which you are caught up go forth last many a sinful year yet, and we would not spiel much that you will come out whole. As a old sufferer of TB, Lawrence too was caught up in a wicked dance, one that must have caused him, homogeneous the speaker in the poem, to feel like he was guiding himself ...with the blue, forked torch of this flower / down the darker and darker stairs... until he finally reached his destination, the sightless realm where darkness is awake upon dark. The poem itself is a complex web, a trance like dream that suggests both a gravitation toward death and a transcendence beyond it. The speaker speaks of the halls of Dis and of change of location down where ... ...Chapter 7 Prosperine - Glaucus and Scylla. Oct. 2001. http//www.bulfinch.org/fables/bull7.html Ferris, T. Bavarian Gentians by D.H. Lawrence. Oct. 2001. http//home.earthlink.net/rudedog2/bavarianpoem.htm Lawr ence, production line 16. Lawrence lines 17-18. Lawrence, line 14, line 2. Lawrence, line 13. Lawrence, line 11. This portion of the later version, along with the second stanza, preempt be found at Ferris, T. Bavarian Gentians by D.H. Lawrence. Oct. 2001. http//home.earthlink.net/rudedog2/bavarianpoem.htm. The complete poem, however, can not be found there. Ferris, T. Bavarian Gentians by D.H. Lawrence. Oct. 2001. http//home.earthlink.net/rudedog2/bavarianpoem.htm. Ferris, T. Bavarian Gentians by D.H. Lawrence. Oct. 2001. http//home.earthlink.net/rudedog2/bavarianpoem.htm.

You Really Cant Go Back :: Personal Narrative Essays

You Really Cant Go Back As we grow quondam(a) and return to the places of our childhood, we are often surprised to discover things are non as we think. A childs memory of a place, such as a family vacation spot, will be very different from that of an adults. Particular enlarge like size, glamour, and level of excitement are often escalated in the eye of a child. One place I loved as a child was Mayville Amusement Park in Mayville, New York. The day after school was extinct, my parents would take me, my brother, and a few of our friends to Mayville Park. I can have in mind the excitement I felt as we strong in the car. The get away took about two hours. During that time, my friends and I would plan our day down to the at last detail. First we would ride the gyre coaster and then the rocket ride. after brainish for what seemed like days, we finally arrived. I commend persuasion to myself how big the commons was and that this must be what Disney World looks l ike. I felt like a small fish in the ocean. Everything looked so big and so scary. First, we headed full-strength to the roller coaster. As we got on the coaster car and began up the steep incline, I remember thinking I was high enough to touch the clouds. This roller coaster had to be the biggest in the world After the roller coaster, our next give out was the rocket ride. The rocket would shift back and forth, move up and down, and pin all around. I felt like a real astronaut. After all the moving around in the rocket, Daddy decided he would take us to the arcade so our stomachs could settle down. I remember I would always try to win the big stuffed bear at the bottle toss, but it was always too hard. Soon we would be out of quarters, and Daddy would tell us it was time to leave. I can remember my brother and me begging to stay on longer, but we always had to go. As we loaded in the car to head home, I can remember thinking to myself that when I grew up I would brin g my children to the park and let them stay as long as they wanted.

On the Margins of Society: The Cult of Alienation in World Literature E

Spanning nearly 2 centuries of literature, Gullivers Travels, Notes from Underground, and The Metamorphosis maintain a concurrent theme. Jonathan Swift, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Franz Kafka, respectively, portray the multifactorial dynamic between the community and the soulfulness. The writers iconic protagonists similarly become disoriented from society, in spite of the markedly different historical contexts behind them. Upon meter reading the aforementi stard works, it could be deduced that achieving a sense of connectedness within ones community is a feat irrespective of time stopover and any scientific and technological advances therein that the plight of loneliness is programmed into the individual on a visceral level. However, it could also be argued that while the lead authors all capture an essential element of modern society alienation, around of their readers do not feel it as acutely as their protagonists, if at all, and the few who do can find their solace knowing th at in being alone, they are not alone.When Swift wrote Gullivers Travels in 1726, atomic number 63 was in the midst of the Enlightenment. Decades of scientific progress resulted in widespread credence of rational thought, challenging previously accepted beliefs of determinism while embracing the opinion of free will. In Gullivers Travels, Swift utilized satire to creatively translate the ideological shift toward individualism and its consequent cultural fragmentation. The concentration with intellectual autonomy and reason are reflected in Gulliver, a valet who becomes so overwhelmed by the inadequacies of a foolish society that seclusion was the scarce remedy for his misanthropy. Although Gullivers Travels is most perceptibly a social commentary critiquing the flaws of a greedy,... ...resigned to their particular fates, the reader can find solace in maintaining hope that substantial thoughts exist, good hearts prevail, and eloquent, purposeful bonds with other pile may be ac hieved, and be all the more appreciated for their rarity. whole shebang CitedDostoevsky, Fyodor. Notes from Underground. The Norton Anthology of World Literature 1800 to 1900. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack. unfermented York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2002. 1307-1379. Print. Kafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. The Norton Anthology of World Literature The Twentieth Century. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2002. 1999-2030. Print.Swift, Jonathan. Gullivers Travels. The Norton Anthology of World Literature 1650 to 1800. Ed. Sarah Lawall and Maynard Mack. New York W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2002. 433-483. Print.